DAHUA TECHNOLOGY USA, INC. v. FENG ZHANG
Case 1:18-cv-11147-RWZ
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS
January 9, 2020
ZOBEL, S.D.J.
CIVIL ACTION NO. 18-11147-RWZ
January 9, 2020
ZOBEL, S.D.J.
Plаintiff Dahua Technology USA, Inc. (“Dahua“) sued its former employee, defendant Feng (Frank) Zhang, seeking reformation of his severance agreement and a declaration of unenforceability. Both parties contend that no genuine issue of material fact exists and have filed cross-motions for summary judgment. Doсket ## 37, 47.
I. Background1
Dahua, a video surveillance equipment manufacturer, is based in Irvine, California but has an office in Massachusetts. It is the U.S. subsidiary of a Chinese company, Zhejiang Dahua Technology Co., Ltd. (“Zhejiang“).
a. Initial employment arrangement
b. 2017 employment negotiations and severance agreement
In August 2017, Dahua informed Zhang that his role at the company would change. The chairman and CEO of the company, Liquan Fu, flew to Massachusetts on August 27 to deliver the news to Zhang. The next day, August 28, Fu and Zhang negotiated the terms of his transition. They agreed that Zhang would relinquish his Chief Strategy Officer role but would stay on as a consultant for two years at an annual salary of $240,000. The parties further agree that Fu promised to “take care of” the remainder of the compensation owed to Zhang under the 2015 employment agreement (approximately $680,000) and cash out Zhang‘s stock. Though they dispute whether Zhang expected any additional severance, they agree that Zhang never asked for multiple millions of dollars.
As the negotiations progressed, Fu kept Dahua‘s in-house counsel, Haiyan Yue, fully informed. Yue in turn consulted with outside counsel Cathryn Le Regulski to
Later that day, Fu and Yue presented Zhang with a new severance (rather than separation) agreement that provided payment of $680,000 per month for sixteen months, which could be accelerated upon his request. The agreement also contained a general release of claims, a non-competition clause, and a confidentiality provision. Fu and Yue also provided a new offer letter governing the consulting arrangement. The severance agreement stated that it “shall be construed solely in accordance with the laws of the Commonwealth of Virginia,” whereas the offer letter contained a Massachusetts choice of law provision. Zhang and Fu signed both documents, the severance agreement (“2017 severance agreement“) and the offer letter.
c. Performance of 2017 severance agreement
Dahua promptly initiated performance of both agreements, paying Zhang $62,500 per month ($42,500 per the severanсe agreement, calculated by dividing $680,000 over sixteen months, plus $20,000 per the offer letter, calculated by dividing $240,000 over twelve months) from September through December 2017. Although the plain language of the 2017 severance agreement dictated payment of $680,000 per
On January 10, 2018, Dahua informed Zhang it wished to terminate his employment and offered him $910,000 in severance in exchange for signing a separation agreement. On January 11, Zhang asked Dahua to accelerate payment of the amount outstanding under the 2017 severance agreement. Zhаng subsequently retained an attorney to review the separation agreement. On January 29, Zhang‘s attorney rejected the separation agreement and asserted that Dahua owed Zhang “over $11,000,000” under the 2017 severance agreement. Docket # 49-18.
Dahua‘s counsel responded on February 5, asserting the company had made a scrivener‘s error in the 2017 severance agreement: instead of making a ”monthly severance payment of $680,000 for 16 months” following his separation, Dahua had intended to pay Zhang $42,500 per month for sixteen months, for a total of $680,000. Docket # 49-19 (emphasis added). Zhang maintains that there is no scrivener‘s errоr in the 2017 severance agreement and that the company owes him at least $11 million.
On May 31, 2018, Dahua filed the instant suit for a declaration of unenforceability and reformation of the 2017 severance agreement to correct the alleged scrivener‘s error. The company also claims breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing. Zhang counterclaimed for breach of contract. The court denied Zhang‘s motion to dismiss and the parties subsequently filed cross-motions for summary judgment, on which they were heard.
II. Legal Standard
Summary judgment is appropriate when the moving party “shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any mаterial fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a
“Cross-motions for summary judgment do not аlter the basic Rule 56 standard, but rather simply require [the court] to determine whether either of the parties deserves judgment as a matter of law on facts that are not disputed.” Ferguson v. Gen. Star Indem. Co., 582 F. Supp. 2d 91, 98 (D. Mass. 2008) (quoting Adria Int‘l Grp., Inc. v. Ferré Dev., Inc., 241 F.3d 103, 107 (1st Cir. 2001)). When confronting cross-motions for summary judgment, the court must “view each motion separately, drawing all inferences in favor of the nonmоving party.” Fadili v. Deutsche Bank Nat‘l Tr. Co., 772 F.3d 951, 953 (1st Cir. 2014).
III. Applicable Law
The parties disagree about which jurisdiction‘s law applies to the 2017 severance agreement. The agreement itself selects Virginia law, a fact that Zhang contends should be dispositive. Dahua, however, points to the absence of any connection by either party to Virginia, whereforе Massachusetts law should govern.
Sitting in diversity, the court applies the choice of law rules of Massachusetts. Levin v. Dalva Bros., Inc., 459 F.3d 68, 73 (1st Cir. 2006). Massachusetts courts take a “functional choice-of-law approach that responds to the interests of the parties, the States involved, and the interstate system as a whole.” Bushkin Assocs., Inc. v. Raytheon Co., 473 N.E.2d 662, 668 (Mass. 1985). “Where thе parties have expressed a specific intent as to the governing law, Massachusetts courts will uphold the parties’ choice as long as the result is not contrary to public policy and as long as the designated State has some substantial relation to the contract.” Steranko v. Inforex, Inc. 362 N.E.2d 222, 228 (Mass. App. Ct. 1977) (citation omitted). To assess a state‘s interest, courts consider: “(1) the place of contracting, (2) the place of negotiation of the contract, (3) the place of performance, (4) the location of the subject matter of the contract, and (5) the domicil [sic], residence, nationality, place of incorporation, and place of business of the parties.” Bushkin, 473 N.E.2d at 669 (quoting Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 188(2) (1971)).
Whereas Virginia is not the answer to any of these inquiries, Massachusetts figures into each. The 2017 severance agreement was signed, negotiated, and performed in Massachusetts. Likewise, the subject matter of the 2017 severance agreement was the payment of severance to Zhang, which the company furnished via its payroll system to Zhang in Massachusetts. Finally, though Zhejiang is based in China and Dahua is based in California, Dahua has a place of business in Massachusetts and Zhang consistently worked out of this Massachusеtts office. Virginia bears no relation to either party nor to their contractual arguments, while Massachusetts was the place of employment and the venue of the parties’ negotiations, as well as the execution and performance of the agreement in suit. Therefore, the
IV. Discussion
Zhang argues that Dahua should be bound to the clear text of the severance agreement under which the company agreed to pay him $680,000 per month for sixteen months, and insists that the court cannot consider any parol evidenсe to probe the existence of a scrivener‘s error or mistake. Additionally, Zhang asserts that only a mutual—not a unilateral—mistake can support reformation of a contract, and that Dahua has not put forward any credible evidence suggesting a mutual mistake.
Dahua argues the inverse: that there is no genuine dispute of fact that a mutual mistake occurred, and the severance agreement should therefore be reformed to reflect the parties’ true intent. In the alternative, Dahua contends that, at the very least, the company made a unilateral mistake, which likewise allows Dahua to avoid performance of the flawed severance agreement.
Dahua is correct on the law: parol evidence is relevant to assessing an allegation of mistake, and even a unilateral mistake can support avoidance of a contract. Greene v. Ablon, 794 F.3d 133, 147 (1st Cir. 2015) (under Massachusetts law, a cоntract may be avoided based on unilateral mistake); Polaroid Corp. v. Travelers Indem. Co., 610 N.E.2d 912, 917 (Mass. 1993) (under Massachusetts law, extrinsic evidence is admissible to evaluate claim of mistake). “Reformation is an appropriate remedy for an agreement containing a mistake if the mistake is mutual or was made by one party
Dahua claims that Zhang knew or should have known that there was a mistake in the 2017 severance agreement because he and Fu had agreed on the broad terms of his severance: $240,000 per year for two years for the consulting role, a payout of his stock, and a payout for the amount due under the 2015 employment agreement ($680,000 total). Dahua‘s position is borne out in substantial testimonial and documentary evidence. In his deposition, Fu testified that Zhang agreed to the $680,000 total figure, аnd that the discussion concerned whether the $680,000 sum should be paid as a single payment or in monthly installments. Yue and Le Regulski likewise testified that Fu and Zhang had agreed on the $680,000 sum and that the company never intended to offer more. Indeed, contemporaneous e-mail communications between Yue and Le Regulski corroborate this view: Zhang would receive “the 16 months of his salary as severance [amounting to 680,000 total], regardless of whether he provides consulting services, and then he will get a separate consulting fee for his consulting services.” Docket # 49-10.
On the other hand, Zhang argues no mistake occurred becausе he knowingly accepted Dahua‘s offer of $680,000 per month for sixteen months. Zhang focuses on the undisputed fact that Zhang rejected Dahua‘s offer of $680,000 total in its initial draft
It strains credulity to think that a company would increase a severance offer sixteenfold above the amount fixed by an existing employment agreement. Moreover, Zhang‘s view is refuted by the evidence. For example, after Zhang rejected the first separation agrеement, Yue emailed Le Regulski and reported that “1. Frank reviewed the separation agreement and he doesn‘t like it,” and “2. He [Frank] and the boss [Fu] decided on the spot that [Frank] will remain an employee of the Company, and his new title is senior corporate advisor.” Docket # 49-12. Le Regulski confirmed her understanding that Zhang “will sign an offer letter and release agreement (rather than separation agreement since he [sic] employment will not actually be terminated).” Id.
Thus, Zhang is left relying on his own testimony, and even that is equivocal at best. Though Zhang insists he rejected the initial draft separation agreement in part because the 2015 employment agreement guaranteed him $680,000 with no
It is abundantly clear that Dahua only ever intended to provide $680,000 total in severance to Zhang, and that thе company changed the draft separation agreement into a severance agreement to reflect its acquiescence to Zhang‘s desire to stay on as an employee of the company while in a consulting capacity. And irrespective of what thoughts animated Zhang‘s mind during the negotiations, he cannot point to any evidence that the company was on notice of his supposed expectation for additional compensation. In these circumstances, Zhang likely knew, and at the very least had reason to know, that the company was making a mistake when it offered $680,000 per month rather than $680,000 total. Given this fact, Zhang‘s failure to bring the mistake to plaintiff‘s attention, his continued acceptance of monthly payments from Dahua, with his
V. Conclusion
Because there is no genuine dispute that a unilateral, if not mutual, mistake permeated the 2017 severance agreement, and Zhang accordingly breached his duty of good faith and fair dealing, Dahua‘s motion for summary judgment (Docket # 47) is ALLOWED and Zhang‘s motion for summary judgment (Docket # 37) is DENIED. The 2017 severanсe agreement shall be reformed to provide for a $680,000 total severance payment, in sixteen monthly installments of $42,500. The parties are directed to jointly file a proposed judgment reflecting this reformation.
January 9, 2020
DATE
/s/ Rya W. Zobel
RYA W. ZOBEL
SENIOR UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE