581 N.E.2d 1125 | Ohio Ct. App. | 1989
[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *413 Plaintiff Cuyahoga County Hospitals appeals from the judgment of the trial court entered in favor of Arthur and Clarabelle Price in plaintiff's collection action. For the reasons set forth below, the judgment of the trial court is reversed, and final judgment is entered in favor of plaintiff. *414
On September 8, 1987, plaintiff filed this collection action against Price and his wife Clarabelle. Defendants submitted an answer in which they denied liability for the services rendered, and affirmatively averred that treatment was rendered gratuitously, as the hospital was advised that defendants are indigent. In addition, defendants filed a third-party complaint for indemnification against the county commissioners and the Department of Health and Human Services.
At a subsequent pretrial conference, the trial court issued a journal entry instructing the county to attempt to find an exception to its previous determination that Price was ineligible for assistance in meeting the hospital's charges. Apparently, no such exception was discovered, however, and on June 10, 1988, the parties entered into a stipulation for dismissal of defendants' third-party complaint.
The matter proceeded to a bench trial on July 13, 1988. For its case, plaintiff presented the testimony of Janet Marz, a manager in its billing department who established that Price had incurred charges of $4,045.68 from the hospitalization, less a $26 credit. Marz further averred that this sum remained unpaid, and she and David Amos, a manager in patient billing, established that the charges were reasonable.
Plaintiff's evidence next established that Price had applied for county assistance in paying his bill. On this application, Price indicated that he owned his own home, earned $115 per week, and had $500 in savings. Finally, plaintiff's evidence demonstrated that Price had signed an "assignment of benefits" which stated that he was financially responsible for all charges not covered by insurance or other benefits.
On cross-examination, Marz admitted that Price's application for county assistance was prepared as the result of Price's conversation with personnel in the admitting department of the hospital, as Price stated that he had no insurance and requested help in paying the bill. *415
For defendants' case, Arthur Price testified that he described his financial status to someone in admitting who then had him sign the application for county assistance to "see if Welfare will pay." Price further testified that he was never told that he would be responsible for the bill if determined to be ineligible.
On cross-examination, Price stated that he understands that bills must be paid. In addition, Price admitted to signing the "assignment of benefits" which deemed him ultimately responsible for his medical costs. The court determined, however, that Price could not read this document and that he could not understand its terms when it was read to him.
The trial court subsequently found that defendants were indigent when Price was admitted to the hospital, that plaintiff knew of defendants' indigency, and that Price reasonably understood that he would not be responsible for the charges. The court then concluded that defendants were not liable for the charges pursuant to express or implied contract theories.
The relationship between the signing of an agreement and the attainment of a meeting of the minds was set forth as follows inKroeger v. Brody (1936),
"Ordinarily, one of full age in the possession of his faculties and able to read and write, who signs an instrument and remains acquiescent to its operative effect for some time, may not thereafter escape the consequences by urging that he did not read it or that he relied upon the representations of another as to its contents or significance." Cf. McAdams v.McAdams (1909),
Thus, the signing of an agreement and acquiescence in its effect may demonstrate a meeting of the minds, where the signatory is able to read and comprehend the agreement. Conversely, one who can neither read nor comprehend an agreement cannot be said to have manifested a meeting of the minds by signing that agreement. Accord Lane v. Ultra-Lite, Inc. (Aug. 24, 1984), Lucas App. No. L-84-087, unreported, 1984 WL 14220 (affirming trial court's determination that parties did not reach a meeting of the minds on liquidated damages provision of a contract where plaintiff signatory was illiterate and defendant failed to explain this provision to him).
In this case, the trial court's questioning of Arthur Price revealed that although he signed the "assignment of benefits" which deemed him financially responsible for all charges not covered by insurance, he could not read this instrument and could not understand its terms when it was read to him. Accordingly, there is no indication that the parties attained a meeting of the minds when this document was signed, and the trial court properly determined that defendants were not liable on this express contract.
An implied contract may be proved by showing that the circumstances surrounding the parties' transactions make it reasonably certain that an agreement was intended. Lucas v.Costantini, supra,
"The most obvious example of the use of the implied contract concept occurs where a recovery is sought for services rendered or materials furnished and the circumstances are such that people expect to be paid and pay for such conduct. The law is said to `imply' an obligation on the part of a person who benefits from the services or materials received to pay for the services or materials. Ashley v. Henahan (1897),
Circumstances creating the expectation of payment sufficient to support liability on an implied contract theory were discussed in Northern Columbiana *417 Cty. Community Hosp. Assn. v. Ohio Dept. of Youth Services,supra, and in St. Clare Center, Inc. v. Mueller (1986),
In Northern Columbiana Cty. Community Hosp. Assn., supra, the Supreme Court determined that the Department of Youth Services was liable for medical services rendered to a youth in its custody on the basis of an implied contract where a foster home administrator from the department authorized that medical care and where the department was statutorily responsible for the medical bills of youths in its custody.
In St. Clare Center, Inc., supra, the Court of Appeals for Hamilton County determined that the daughter of a woman who had incurred expenses at a rest home was liable for those expenses on the basis of an implied contract where the daughter, acting with the woman's son, arranged the woman's admission into the rest home and the son indicated that they would pay "all necessary" expenses for their mother's support.
In the situation now presented, we find the circumstances to support the hospital's claim that the circumstances surrounding Price's hospitalization were such that payment from Price was reasonably to be expected. First, it is undisputed that Price requested the emergency treatment rendered. Further, while Price informed the hospital that he did not have insurance and further indicated that he would need help in paying the bill, this does not support the inference that the hospital acted gratuitously in treating Price, but rather, indicates that Price fully understood that payment was expected from him. This conclusion is inescapable, moreover, as a deposition of Price filed with the court reveals that Price is currently making payments for hospital services rendered to his wife, despite his current financial difficulty. Accordingly, the trial court erred in determining that defendants were not liable for the charges on the basis of an implied contract.
In Cleveland Metro. Gen. Hosp. v. Oleksik, supra, we held that the financial resources of both spouses should be available to pay a creditor who provides necessary goods and services to either spouse. Accordingly, Oleksik is applicable to this case, as we have determined that plaintiff is in fact a creditor of Arthur Price, by operation of an implied contract. Thus, the *418 resources of both Arthur and Clarabelle Price must be made available to meet the hospital's charges.
Judgments supported by some competent, credible evidence going to all essential elements of the case will not be reversed by a reviewing court as being against the manifest weight of the evidence. Seasons Coal Co. v. Cleveland (1984),
We note that the trial court subsequently amended this finding of fact to indicate as follows:
"* * * that Arthur Price Sr. can be considered to read and write at a level that does not allow the comprehension of an understanding adult. * * *"
While plaintiff correctly notes that there was no evidence concerning Price's overall reading, writing, and comprehension abilities, the trial court's questioning of Price did reveal that he could not read the "assignment of benefits," and that he could not understand the terms of this document when it was read to him. We hold that this constitutes competent, credible evidence to support finding of fact No. 10.
In accordance with our previous remarks, there is competent, credible evidence that Price did not understand the "assignment of benefits." Nonetheless, there is no evidence in the record to support the court's finding that Price indicated that he could not pay for the services, as Price's own trial testimony refuted this claim. Accordingly, this portion of Finding of Fact No. *419 11 is unsupported by any competent, credible evidence, and is therefore reversed.
While the record demonstrates that Price told hospital personnel that he did not have insurance and that he understood that the charges would be submitted to the Department of Health and Human Services, Price, by his own admission, understood that this was done to "see if Welfare will pay." (Emphasis added.) Further, Price could not recall any representation that he would not be liable. Thus, the court's finding that Price relied upon representations that he would not be responsible for payment is unsupported in the record and is accordingly reversed.
"That Defendant Clarabelle Price is unable to pay for the services rendered by the Plaintiff."
Plaintiff does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence supporting these findings of fact, but rather, contends that defendants' financial status is irrelevant to their liability for the charges. In accordance with our remarks on liability pursuant to expressed and implied contract theories, this contention is well taken.
This finding is refuted by Price's admission that he never told hospital personnel that he was unable to pay the bill, and by the fact that Price indicated that he was employed and owned his own home at the time he was admitted. Thus, this finding of fact is unsupported by competent, credible evidence and is reversed.
In accordance with the foregoing, plaintiff's second assignment of error is sustained in part, and overruled in part. *420
In its fifth assignment of error, plaintiff argues that the trial court further demonstrated bias through certain comments at a later pretrial and this demonstration both warranted the granting of plaintiff's motion for a new trial, and also deprived plaintiff of its right to trial before an unbiased tribunal. Both assignments lack merit.
Plaintiff's proper avenue of recourse was to file an affidavit of prejudice with the Supreme Court no later than three days before the scheduled trial date. R.C.
"Except when express provision therefor is made either in a statute or in these rules, costs shall be allowed to the prevailing party unless the court otherwise directs."
This rule vests a trial court with a measure of discretion to determine whether costs may be awarded to the prevailing party in various situations. See Jones v. Pierson (1981),
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the trial court is reversed, judgment is entered for plaintiff, and the cause is remanded for consideration of plaintiff's motion for costs.
Judgment accordingly.
ANN McMANAMON, C.J., and NAHRA, J., concur. *421
