243 N.W. 226 | Mich. | 1932
On February 3, 1929, Leo Feldpausch, Jr., drove an automobile of the other defendants, copartners as Feldpausch Brothers. He drove with their permission but not for them. He had with him the plaintiff, gratuitous guest. The automobile skidded on ice, and turned over, and plaintiff was injured. She had verdict and judgment. Defendants have appealed. *351
Liability is asserted against the partners under section 29, Act No. 302, Pub. Acts 1915 (amended by Act No. 56, Pub. Acts 1927). This section was amended by Act No. 19, Pub. Acts 1929 (1 Comp. Laws 1929, § 4648). The old section 29, providing of liability of the owner of a motor vehicle driven with his express or implied consent, was "amended to read as follows." The old section was carried into the new act with the added proviso:
"That no person, transported by the owner or operator of a motor vehicle as his guest without payment for such transportation shall have a cause of action for damages against such owner or operator for injury, death or loss, in case of accident, unless such accident shall have been caused by the gross negligence or wilful and wanton misconduct of the owner or operator of such motor vehicle and unless such gross negligence or wilful and wanton misconduct contributed to the injury, death or loss for which the action is brought."
This act went into effect March 27, 1929. This suit was commenced in November, 1929, and tried in May, 1931.
There being, at common law, no right of action against the partners, owners of the automobile, it is contended that the repeal of the former statute left plaintiff without right of action against them.
The rule that where a former statute is re-enacted into a new statute it will be regarded as continuing is not applicable here because of the amendment, there being in the case neither averment nor contention of gross negligence or wilful and wanton misconduct.
A question is whether the act of 1929 is retrospective. It is wholly prospective in its language and structure. Moreover, when it became a law, plaintiff's right of action for damages to person and property *352 under the former statute had accrued and was in her a vested right, which the new statute did not take away.
Of vested right, the following from 2 Cooley's Constitutional Limitations (8th Ed.), p. 749:
"It would seem that a right cannot be considered a vested right, unless it is something more than such a mere expectation as may be based upon an anticipated continuance of the present general laws; it must have become a title, legal or equitable, to the present or future enjoyment of property, or to the present or future enforcement of a demand, or a legal exemption from a demand made by another."
See, also, 6 R. C. L. p. 308.
In Lewis v. Railroad Co.,
"All authorities agree that the repeal of a statute does not take away the plaintiff's cause of action under it for damages for an injury to person or property. They rest on the sound doctrine, expressed in Menges v. Dentler,
The above case is cited to the text of 25 R. C. L. p. 938:
"The repeal of a statute does not take away a right of action for damages which have already accrued."
The following from 36 Cyc. pp. 1225, 1226:
The repeal of a statute does not operate to impair or otherwise affect rights that have been vested or accrued under the statute while in force; and this *353 rule is applicable alike to rights acquired under contracts and to rights of action to recover damages for torts."
And from 1 Lewis' Sutherland Statutory Construction (2d Ed.), § 284:
"A law can be repealed by the law-giver; but the rights which have been acquired under it while it was in force do not thereby cease. It would be an act of absolute injustice to abolish with a law all the effects which it had produced. This is a principle of general jurisprudence; but a right to be within its protection must be a vested right. It must be something more than a mere expectation based upon an anticipated continuance of the existing law. It must have become a title, legal or equitable, to the present or future enjoyment of property, or to the present or future enforcement of a demand, or a legal exemption from a demand made by another."
In Ettor v. City of Tacoma,
This is not a case involving a mere change in remedy or procedure, and cases cited in that regard are not in point. The statute provides a rule of substantive law. Hawkins v.Ermatinger,
The rule is otherwise in respect of remedy, of mere penalties, of procedure, and of rights merely inchoate or expectant. Naudzius v. Lahr,
The trial judge, in instructing of due care by the driver of the automobile toward his guest (Hemington v. Hemington,
No other question calls for discussion. We find no reversible error.
Judgment affirmed.
McDONALD, POTTER, SHARPE, NORTH, FEAD, WIEST, and BUTZEL, JJ., concurred. *355