delivered the opinion of the Court.
The appellant, Ottway Leon Curtis, Sr., is presently appealing from the granting by Judges James F. Couch, Jr. and Robert J. Woods, in the Circuit Court for Prince George’s County, of the State’s Motion to Dismiss his second Post Conviction Petition.
The appellant was initially convicted on September 14, 1967, in the Circuit Court for Prince George’s County of murder in the first degree. That conviction was appealed and we affirmed it in
Curtis v. State,
The present and second petition under the Uniform Post Conviction Procedure Act was filed in Prince George’s County on March 29, 1976. In it, the appellant raised as issues the ineffective assistance of counsel both at his original trial and upon his direct appeal to this Court from *461 the trial court’s verdict. The State filed a Motion to Dismiss the Amended Petition on the grounds that the issue had been waived by virtue of not having been raised in the course of the first Post Conviction Petitiоn. The appellant filed an Opposition to the Motion to Dismiss, claiming therein that he had received ineffective assistance of counsel at his first post conviction hearing and that this, coupled with his own intellectual inadequacies, constituted the “special circumstances” explaining why he had not raised the issue on the earlier occasion. After a hearing in open court on August 23, 1976, Judges Couch and Woods granted the State’s Motion to Dismiss. The appellant filed a timely Application for Leave to Appeal from that judgment and on November 8, 1976, we ordered the'case transferred to the regular appeal docket.
The controlling law for present purposes is Article 27, §645A: “Right of appeal of convicted persons,” which reads, in pertinent part:
“(c) When allegation of error deemed to have been waived. — For the purposes of this subtitle, an allegation of error shall be deemed to be waived when a petitioner could have made, but intelligently and knowingly failed to make, such allegation before trial, at trial, on direct appeal (whether or not said petitioner actually took such an appeal), in any habeas corpus or coram nobis proceeding actually instituted by said petitioner, in a prior petition under this subtitle, or in any other proceeding actually instituted by said petitioner, unless the failure to make such allegation shall be excused because of special circumstances. The burden of proving the existence of such special circumstances shall be upon the petitioner.
When an allegation of error could have been made by a petitioner before trial, at trial, on direct appeal (whether or not said petitioner actually took such an appeal), in any habeas corpus or coram nobis proceeding actually instituted by said *462 petitioner, in a prior petition under this subtitle, or in any other proceeding actually instituted by said petitioner, but was not in fact so made, there shall be a rebuttable presumption that said petitioner intelligently and knowingly failed to make such allegation” (Emphasis supplied)
We hold that the hearing judges were correct in granting the State’s Motion to Dismiss. Even if the evidence as to the waiver of the contеntion were equivocal, which we are not suggesting, the statute places the burden of proof squarely upon the appellant. We hold that he did not show such “special circumstances” as would excuse him from his failure to raise the allegation of error in his first Post Conviction Petition. Similarly, we hold that the appellant did not adequately rebut the presumption that he “intelligently and knowingly failed to make such allegation” in the earlier petition.
In coming to grips with a contention such as that now before us, there is involved not simply the literal state of the law, which works against the apppellant, but also policy considerations of deeper import. The appellant was initially afforded a trial in the Criminal Court, then an appeal to this Court, then a Petition for Certiorari to the Court of Appeals, then a hearing on his first Post Conviction Petition and then an application for leave to appeal to this Court from the denial of that petition. To insert yet a sixth or a seventh screen into the criminal process in an effort to catch even the remotest possibility of arguаble error is to pass far beyond the point of diminishing returns. The pervasive complaint about the criminal justice system as it exists today is that there is no finality. The salutary purpose of the Uniform Post Conviction Procedure Act is to consolidate all possible allegations of error and to dispose of them in a single hearing. Lightly to erode that purpose is, in our judgment, to do a great disservice to our law in the larger sense.
Whether couched in terms of “special circumstances” or in terms of the lack of “a knowing and intelligent waiver,” the *463 appellant is pushing upon us the same facts. He urges upon us his seventh-grade education, his IQ of 72, his lack of legal training and his history of alcoholism as demonstrating that he needed the effective assistance of counsel. There is no quarrel with that premise as far as it goes. From this, he advances the further proposition that the mere failure of counsel in the first Post Conviction Petition to raise the issue of ineffective assistance of trial counsel is, ipso facto, such ineffective assistance at the post conviction level as to constitute a “special circumstance” and to fend off the otherwise foreclosing effect of waiver. We cannot buy that proposition. Almost every petitioner under the Uniform Post Conviction Procedure Act is a layman, untrained in the law, who needs the effective assistance of counsel. The logical extension that would follow from this appellant’s present contention would be that convicted prisoners could continue to raise endless allegations of error in endless petitions, simply because earlier counsel upon earlier petitions had not thought to advise them as to the possibility of such contentions. The effort of the law to achieve some finality would be totally sabotaged.
What the appellant urges upon us is a paradox: The failure to raise a contention at the earliest possible opportunity constitutes a waiver of that contention, but the failure of counsel to urge the contention constitutes, by definition, ineffective assistance of counsel so as to negate the waiver. The striving for finality is stillborn.
In stating the case most fully against the appеllant, ironically we do indirectly what we are relieved of all necessity of doing directly — reviewing at least summarily the effective assistance of counsel at earlier stages. We look first to the assistance of counsel rendered at the first Post Conviction Petition hearing. It is a truism that as a basis for post conviction petition review, only errors relating to the validity of the original judgment are properly cognizable. Cf.
Creswell v. Director, 2
Md. App. 142,
In the first place, the issue, by definition, does not apply to thе appellate stage but only to the trial stage. Even at the trial stage, trial counsel attempted resourcefully to defend against the murder charge on the very pertinent grounds of insanity. That he focused his defense on that area and did not 1) anticipate
Mullaney v. Wilbur,
“Mere errors in trial tactics are not sufficient to constitute incоmpetency of counsel. Hall v. Warden,224 Md. 662 , 665; Gullion v. Warden,3 Md. App. 263 , 265; Henry v. Mississippi,379 U. S. 443 ,13 L.Ed.2d 408 . Furthermore, failure to raise an available defense at trial does not, in itself, constitute incompetency of counsel. Annotation at74 A.L.R.2d 1390 ,1449.”
Perceiving no ineffectiveness at the trial state, the post conviction, stage attorney had no reason to suggest ineffective assistance as a ground for post conviction relief.
*465
A parting word is in order on the subject of the word “waiver.” The appellant leans heavily upon the language of
Johnson v. Zerbst,
“ ‘[C]ourts indulge every reasonable presumption against waiver’ of fundamental constitutional rights and that we ‘do not presume acquiescence in the loss of fundamental rights.’ A waiver is ordinarily an intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right or privilege.”
Part and parcel of this principle is usually the follow-up recitation from
Camley v. Cochran,
“Presuming waiver from a silent record is impermissible.”
Initially, it must be noticed that waiver is not a single, monolithic phenomenon. Pertinent is our observation in
Miller v. Warden,
“The only thing that can be said about constitutional waiver in the abstract is that nothing can be said about constitutional waiver in the abstract. It is as protean in its manifestations as the number of constitutional rights which there are to be waived multiplied by the number of circumstances in which they may be waived. It is unnecessary in deciding the case before us to attempt to analyze this shifting quality of waiver in its manifold contexts. Even a partial cataloguing of its applications illustrates the breadth of the spectrum through which it vacillates — operating at times with fastidious forbearance, at times blithely and summarily, and frequently with coquettish inconstancy.”
Neither is “the effective assistance of counsel” a single, monolithic phenomenon. When it comes to a waiver of the total package — the very presence of a lawyer at one’s side
*466
during the course of a trial — the rigid
Johnson v. Zerbst
waiver standard is appropriate and waiver, quite properly, never will be presumed from a silent record. The Sixth Amendment ¡right to the assistance of counsel at other “critical stages,” however, shades off gradually in terms of our reluctance to presume waiver either from the actions of the accused or from his complete inaction. An accused has the right to the assistance of counsel during the course of a custodial interrogation.
Miranda v. Arizona,
Although the waiver of the total package, the very presence of a lawyer at one’s side during trial, will not be presumed from a silent record, it by no means follows that the waiver of lesser, constituent elements that go into that totality may not be presumed from a silent record. Even when dealing with Sixth Amendment constitutional rights, we said in
Miller v. Warden, supra,
at
“In the area of Sixth Amendment protections, it cannot seriously be maintained that a lawyer’s ‘waiving of the reading of the indictment’ will not bind his client in terms of the right ‘to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation.’ Nor can it be maintained that the right to ‘an impartial jury’ requires an affirmative explanаtion of the right to ask for a change of venue, the right to challenge the array, the right to propound certain *467 voir dire questions, the right to challenge for cause and the right to exercise peremptory challenges followed by an express waiver of such rights from the mouth of the accused.
The Sixth Amendment right of confrontation reveals the sliding scale between the degree to which a right is waived and the degree of waiver required at its most volatile. In Brookhart v. Janis,384 U. S. 1 ,86 S. Ct. 1245 ,16 L.Ed.2d 314 , the agreement, by counsel, that ‘he would not contest the State’s case or cross-examine its witnesses but would require only that the State prove’ a prima facie case, was deemed to be tantamount to a plea of guilty and the rigid waiver standards of Johnson v. Zerbst were observed. There a blanket waiver of all cross-examination of all witnesses was involved. A far lesser question, if not in kind at least in degree, would obviously be presented where a defense attorney agrees to stipulate to the testimony of a single minor or non-controversial witness. Sound trial tactics frequently dictate the acceptance by way of stipulation' of a post-mоrtem autopsy protocol, a ballistics report, a chemist’s analysis of suspected drugs, and other reports from the local and national crime laboratories, rather than requiring the experts who conducted the tests to appear in court. Each of these stipulations involves, to be sure, a waiver of the right of confrontation, but of a type frequently indulged in throughout a trial. The right to cross-examine a witness is an integral part of the right of confrontation. Pointer v. Texas,380 U. S. 400 ,85 S. Ct. 1065 ,13 L.Ed.2d 923 . The remarks of Judge Thompson in Zimmerman v. State,9 Md. App. 488 , 498,265 A. 2d 764 , 771 (dissenting opinion), are appropriate here:
‘An accused has a federal constitutional right to cross-examine witnesses against him, Bruton v. United States, 391 U. S. *468 123,88 S. Ct. 1620 ,20 L.Ed.2d 476 . Does this mean that everytime a defense attorney decides not to cross-examine a particular witness the trial must be stopped while inquiry is made as to whether or not the accused is personally making an intelligent and knowing waiver? I think not.’
Further down the sliding scale would be the non-objection by counsel to any shred of testimony involving hearsay information. It cannot seriously be contended that the trial must suspend while a defendant is examined as to the knowledgeability and voluntariness of each passing lapse of total confrontation or that counsel is incapacitated from acting on his own best judgment each time he foregoes an objection or each time he announces, ‘No questions.’ The most intriguing variation uppn the relinquishment or abandonment of the right to confrontation is that where a defendant may lose his very right to be present at the trial because of waiver through misconduct. Illinois v. Allen,397 U. S. 337 ,90 S. Ct. 1057 ,25 L.Ed.2d 353 ; Jones v. State,11 Md. App. 686 ,276 A. 2d 666 .”
What is true of many constitutional rights is, a fortiori, true of a right which is less than constitutional. What is at issue on the present appeal is not the waiver of the constitutional right to the effective assistance of counsel but rather the waiver of thе statutory right to raise a contention in a post conviction petition. There is no constitutional right to post conviction relief just as there is no constitutional right to take a direct appeal. Post conviction relief in this State is statutory, having been granted by the Maryland Legislature by Chapter 44 of the Acts of 1958 and subsequently amended. The act of the Legislature which creates the statutory relief may prescribe its own waiver standard. With respect to the right to raise an allegation of error in a post conviction petition, one cannot say that a waiver of this right “will not be presumed from a silent *468A record,” when the very statute which created the right is most explicit with regard to a waiver thereof:
“When an allegation of error could have been made by a petitioner ... in a prior petition under this subtitle .. . there shall be a rebuttable presumption that said petitioner intelligently and knowingly failed to make such allegation.”
This is, in terms, a presumption of waiver from mere silence.
If this were otherwise, the finality aimed at by the Uniform Post Conviction Petition Act would be a “lost cause.” The failure to raise a contention in a first post conviction petition would never foreclose the raising of that contention in a subsequent petition unless, as a part of the first hearing, the petitioner explicitly articulated the possible contention and explicitly indicated that he was knowingly and voluntarily foregoing the raising of that contention.
We are not unmindful of
Jourdan v. State, 275
Md. 495,
By the same token, what the appellant urges upon us from
Jourdan v. State
is simply dicta and not the law of that case.
Jourdan
dealt with a post conviction petitioner’s claim of a deprivation of his constitutional right against double jeopardy. Initially in this Court, Chief Judge Orth (now Assoсiate Judge of the Court of Appeals) held upon the merits that there had been a manifest necessity for a first
*468B
mistrial so as to obviate the double jeopardy claim.
State v. Jourdan, 22
Md. App. 648,
“In its appeal to the Court of Special Appeals, the State made no claim that Jourdan waived his double jeopardy contention because his attorney failed to raise the issue before or at the beginning of the second trial, and the Court of Special Appeals stated that ‘we shall assume, but do not specifically so decide,’ that the issue was not waived (22 Md. App. at 656 ). And in this Court the State does not contend that the double jeopardy question was waived.”
By Chapter 442 of the Acts of 1965, the Post Conviction Procedure Act was amended, under what was then perceived to be the threat of
Fay v. Noia,
“The burden of proving the existence of such special circumstances shall be upon the petitioner.”
With respect, furthermore, to thе adverbial modifiers “intelligently and knowingly,” the Legislature went on to provide explicitly:
“. . . there shall be a rebuttable presumption that said petitioner intelligently and knowingly failed to make such allegation.”
There is no constitutional requirement, Federal or state, that there even be such a thing as post conviction relief, just as there is no constitutional requirement that there be a right to direct appeal. The Post Conviction Procedure Act is a creature of Maryland statute. When operating at the sub-constitutional level — either with statute lаw or with the common law — the General Assembly is supreme. They have made it clear that the failure to raise a claim even of constitutional error is presumptively a waiver of that claim. On this issue, a petitioner loses the tie. The Court of Appeals and this Court have long recognized the validity of the legislative command in this regard.
Washington v. Warden,
We note, moreover, that the star of
Fay v. Noia,
by which the appellant guides his course, is most emphatically on the wane. After attaining its perihelion in the mid-1960’s, it has been preceptively sinking now for half a decade. In
Davis v. United States,
“Accordingly, he urges that his collateral attack on his conviction may be precluded only after a hearing in which it is established that he ‘deliberately bypassed’ or ‘understanding^ and knowingly’ waived his claim of unconstitutional grand jury composition. See Fay v. Noia .. . and Johnson v. Zerbst....”
Notwithstanding the language of
Fay v. Noia
and
Johnson v.
Zerbst, the Supreme Court recognized that the Federal Post Conviction Procedure Relief Act was a statutory creation of the Congress and that with respect thereto, the legislative mandate was supreme. The Court pointed out that Rule 12(b)(2) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, adopted by the Cоngress, provided explicitly that the failure to present certain defenses or objections “constitutes a waiver thereof ...”.
“We think it inconceivable that Congress, having in the criminal proceeding foreclosed the raising of a claim such as this after the commencement of trial in the absence of a showing of ‘cause’ for relief from waiver, nonetheless intended to perversely negate the Rule's purpose by permitting an entirely different but much more liberal requirement of waiver in federal habeas proceedings. We believe that the necesssary effect of the congressional adoption of Rule 12(b)(2) is to provide that a claim once waived pursuant to that Rule may not later be resurrected, either in the criminal proceedings or in federal habeas, in the absence of the showing of *468E ‘cause’ which that Rule requires. We therefore hold that the waiver standard expressed in Rule 12(b)(2) governs an untimely сlaim of grand jury discrimination, not only during the criminal proceeding, but also later on collateral review.”
See also
Shotwell Mfg. Co. v. United States,
In
Wainwright v. Sykes,
“We noted that the rule ‘promulgated by this Court and, pursuant to 18 USC §3771 [18 USCS § 3771], “adopted” by Congress, governs by its terms the manner in which the claims of defects in the institution of criminal proceedings may be waived,’ id., at 241,36 L.Ed.2d 216 ,93 S. Ct. 1577 , and held that this standard contained in the rule, rather than the Fay v. Noia concept of waiver, should pertain in federal habeas as on direct review.” (Emphasis supplied)
In
Francis v. Henderson,
“The Louisiana law then in force clearly required that any objection by a defendant to the composition of the grand jury that had indicted him had to be made in advance of his trial. Otherwise, the law provided, ‘all such objections shall be considered as waived and shall not afterwards be urged or heard.’ ”
The defendant in that case failed to make timely objection to the composition of the grand jury. He was found guilty
*468F
and sentenced to life imprisonment. He later sought collateral review in the Louisiana court, claiming that Negroes had been unconstitutionally excluded from the grand jury that had indicted him, “The court [the Louisiana court] held that Francis had waived this claim when he failed to raise it before trial as required by state law, and it accordingly denied relief.”
Over the anguished dissent of Justice Brennan, appealing to the “knowing and intelligent” waiver standard of
Johnson v. Zerbst
and
Fay v. Noia,
the Supreme Court deferred to the Louisiana Legislature, saying at
“The Louisiana time limitation applicable in tlje present case was obviously designed to serve precisely these same important purposes, as the Court specifically recognized more than 20 years ago in a case involving this very Louisiana law, Michel v. Louisiana,350 U. S. 91 ,100 L.Ed. 83 ;76 S. Ct. 158 . There the Court said:
‘It is beyond question that under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment Louisiana may attach reasonable time limitations to the assertion of federal constitutional rights....’”
Even more recently, in
Wainwright v. Sykes, supra,
the Supreme Court was dealing with the Florida “contemporaneous objection” rule and its foreclosing effect upon a state prisoner’s claim that he had been denied his fifth Amendment right against compulsory self-incrimination. The petitioner prevailed in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida, where that court “held further that respondent had not lost his right to assert such a claim by failing to object at trial or on direct appeal.”
The Supreme Court reversed. It deferred to the right of the Florida Legislature to establish a contemporaneous objection rule and, in so doing, it explicitly rejected the rigid waiver standard of Johnson v. Zerbst and Fay v. Noia:
“To the extent that the dicta of Fay v. Noia may be thought to have laid down an all-inclusive rule rendering state timely objection rules ineffective to bar review of underlying federal claims in federal habeas proceedings — absent a ‘knowing waiver’ or a ‘deliberate bypass’ of the right to so object — its effect was limited by Francis, which aрplied a different rule and barred a habeas challenge to the makeup of a grand jury.”53 L.Ed.2d at 607 .
“It is the sweeping language of Fay v. Noia, supra, going far beyond the facts of the case eliciting it, which we today reject.”53 L.Ed.2d at 608 .
This current attitude of the Supreme Court guides our decision here. The most damning criticism of our criminal justice system today is that there is no finality. Somewhere the process of seemingly interminable review must come to a halt. In this case, we declare the halt, here and now.
We hold that the issue of ineffective assistance of counsel was waived by the appellant’s failure to raise it in his first Post Conviction Petition. The Motion to Dismiss the contention in the second Post Conviction Petition was properly granted.
Judgment affirmed; costs to be paid by appellant.