6 Blatchf. 537 | U.S. Circuit Court for the District of Connecticut | 1869
On the 8th of June, I860, Alida M. Benson, of Chicago, Illinois, died, leaving a last will and testament, which, among other things not necessary to mention here, contained the following clauses: ‘‘My pianoforte and silver I give and bequeath to my nephew, Homer Collins, son of Nelson Collins, and I direct that the care and custody thereof during the minority of said Homer, be given to his father. All the rest and residue of my property, consisting of bonds, promissory notes, and debts due and owing to me, and all securities by way of mortgage or otherwise, given for the payment thereof, I hereby give and bequeath, subject to the payment of my just debts, and the charges and legacies hereinbefore named, to my brother, Nelson Collins, in trust, never
The defendant has pleaded the general issue, and also set up several specific grounds of defence: (1) That the supreme court of New York had no jurisdiction to appoint the plaintiff trustee, as set forth in the declaration; (2) that, whatever appointment the plaintiff in fact received from the supreme court of New York, that appointment conferred upon him no power to act within the-limits of the state of Connecticut, or bring this suit in this court; (3) that, whatever may have been the relations existing between Cicero Collins and the minor, the former was never trustee of the estate of the latter, nor bailiff or receiver of any part of his estate, or liable to be sued in an action of account; (4) that the defendant, as administrator of Cicero Collins, deceased, is not liable to be sued in an action of account by the minor, or any one in his behalf. These four points are set up by notice, under the general issue, according to the modern practice of the state courts in Connecticut, and, as no objections have been raised to this form of presenting the questions in this court, all such objections aré deemed to-have been waived by the plaintiff, -and the court, for the purposes of this case, takes the questions as if more formally pleaded.
The will, after the bequest of the pianoforte and silver to Homer Collins, already cit
From the language of the will creating the trust, it is evident that the testatrix intended that such portion of the income (and perhaps such portion of the principal) as might be necessary, should be expended in the education and support of Homer. For an equitable administration of the trust in this particular, the trustee would be accountable both to the minor and to the heirs of Nelson, and his expenditures therein would be under the control of the proper tribunal, on the application of either of these parties. A court of chancery would not permit Homer to be deprived of a proper allowance for maintenance and education, by the niggardly parsimony of a trustee, in order to enhance the contingent estate for the possible benefit of the heirs of Nelson. On the other hand, it would not permit the property to be improperly lavished on the primaiy cestui que trust, without regard to the contingent rights of those heirs.
This being, then, an indivisible, open and unexecuted trust, the question arises, whether the administrator of the deceased trustee is liable to a suit at law for the trust fund. The question can be easily answered. The authorities are uniform and decisive on the point In Barings v. Willing [Case No. 985], Mr. Justice Washington remarks: “Courts of equity have always claimed and exercised exclusive jurisdiction in cases of trusts, and over the conduct of those appointed to execute them. This has never been disputed ground. No other tribunal can so properly direct the maimer of executing them, or inquire into and correct abuses, where there has been, or is likely to be, mismanagement by the trustees. No other court can so conveniently provide against those unforeseen casualties which may defeat the will of the party who created the trust. It would be a reproach upon the administration of justice, if a court of equity did not possess these powers, since it must be admitted, on all hands, that they cannot be exercised by the courts of common law.” See, also, 2 Swift, Dig. 117; 2 Story. Eq. Jur. § 1038; Adams, Eq. pp. 26, 27. This is the general doctrine and has been uniformly adhered to. As is remarked by Nelson, C. J., in Dias v. Brunell, 24 Wend. 9,13: “It cannot be necessary for courts of law. at this day, to repudiate any such jurisdiction; they never possessed it, and are sufficiently burthened with their own legitimate duties, if no other considerations influenced them, not to desire a most inconvenient enlargement, by usurping the peculiar province of another forum. 5 Ves. 581; Willis, Trusts, 7, 8, note k, and 16; Lewellin, Trusts, 20; 2 Hall, 130.”
Had the present suit been brought against Cicero Collins during his lifetime, he could, beyond all doubt, have effectually interposed this objection to the jurisdiction of this court, as a court of law. He was liable to be called to account only in a court of equity. Now, 1 apprehend that the administrator of the deceased trustee stands, in this particular, in the same position,'as-his intestate stood. • He took the estate* not as administrator, but as trustee for the time being. Tiff. & B. Trusts, 323. 320. The fund does not belong to the estate of the deceased, and is not assets in the hands , of his administrator. It is not to be applied for the benefit of the creditors or
It must be remarked, that there is no claim or evidence of any express promise by Cicero Collins, or by his administrator, to pay over any portion of this trust fund, and, if there had been, it may well be doubted, Whether a court of law would be justified iu holding such a. promise a sufficient foundation for an action at law. Such a proceeding against a trustee is only allowable where he has some distinct, separate and ascertained balance in his hands, to which some particular party is entitled, and which the trustee has expressly promised to pay. In such a case, a suit at law will lie against the trustee individually. Dias v. Brunell, 24 Wend. 9, 13.
. But there is another very serious. difficulty in this case — one which exemplifies the mischief and impracticability of attempting to deal with such a trust as this in a court of law. As I have already shown, this is an indivisible trust, created by will, and, though now narrowed in its scope, by the death of an intermediate party, it is a trust to be held and executed for the benefit of Homer Collins, in such a manner as to protect the contingent rights of the heirs of Nelson Collins. Now, the plaintiff in this case was not appointed to execute this trust. His appointment purports to authorize him only to “execute and carry into effect the same, so far as it relates to the infant Homer Collins.” Surely, it requires neither argument nor authority to prove, that the trust created by this will cannot be parcelled out in this way, and the whole fund be vested, by a judgment at law, in a person who at most is authorized to act only in behalf of one branch of the trust and of one of the parties thereto. Even a court of equity would not be justified in directing this fund to be delivered to a trustee clothed only with these limited powers. and subject only to such limited responsibilities.
It follows, fi’om these views, that this trust fund cannot be recovered in this action at law. (1) The defendant, as representing the deceased trustee, is liable to account only in equity. The administration of the fund by the deceased should pass under the review of a court of equity, where his account can be properly settled and stated, so that, if there has been any diminution of the fund through his mal-administration, it can be clearly ascertained,' and the trust estate be put in the way of being reimbursed out of the sureties of the deceased trustee, or out of the assets in the hands of his administrator. (2) The action at law must fail, because the appointment of the plaintiff is not that of trustee under the will, empowered to execute the trust therein created, but only to cany into effect the same, so far as it relates to the infant, Homer Collins. Such an appointment alone .confers no right to the custody of this trust fund.
It has not escaped my attention that the pianoforte and silver, given by the will, are no part of the trust property. If they have been sold, the avails form no part of the trust funds. They were specifically given by the will to Homer. His father was merely to have the care and custody of the articles during the minority of his son. The latter took them by an indefeasible title, and, at his death, they go to his heirs, and are in no way embraced in this trust into which the residuary estate was thrown. As the father, to whose care and custody they were committed by the will, during the minority of the legatee, is dead, their custody now belongs to his guardian. But the plaintiff does not sue in this case, at least in form, as his guardian. If, however, his appointment by the supreme court of New York could be construed as clothing him with the rights, powers and character of guardian, he could not be permitted to maintain this action, even for the avails of this pianoforte and silver, for the obvious reason that he has not taken out letters of guardianship in this state.
•• In actions at law, this court is governed by the laws in force in this state, when those laws relate to the substantial rights of the parties, and not to mere matters of practice. Now, it is the settled law of this state, as well as of all, or nearly all, other states and countries, that foreign guardians cannot maintain suits beyond the territory in which they were appointed. Mr. Justice Story, in his Conflict of Laws (section 504a), remarks, after having stated the rule in regard to immovable property: “The same rale is applied, by the common law, to movable property. and has been fully recognized both in England and in America. No foreign guardian can, virtute officii, exercise any rights, or powers, or functions over the movable property of his ward, which is situated in a different state or country from that in which he has obtained his letter of guardianship. But he must obtain new letters of guardianship from the local tribunals authorized to grant the same, before lie can exercise any rights, powers, or functions over the same. Pew decisions upon the point are to be found in the English or American authorities, probably because the principle has always been taken to be unquestionable, founded upon the close analogy of the case of foreign executors and administrators.” In a learned note to Andrews v. Herriot, 4 Cow. 529, the reporter saj’s: “But persons coming eu au-tre droit, under the appointment of foreign laws, cannot be parties. To entitle them to be received as such, they must have their appointments repeated under our laws.” The precise point was directly decided by Chancellor Kent, in Morrell v. Dickey. 1 Johns. Ch. 153. He held, in that case, tlw t a mother duly appointed by the orphans' court in Philadelphia was not entitled to receive a
This rule of law, touching the disability of foreign guardians, executors, &e., which has prevailed in Connecticut in common with other states, has never been abrogated. It has, however, been slightly modified by statute, but not to the extent of conferring the right to sue, either at law or in equity. By an act passed in 1854 (Gen. St. Conn. 1800, pp. 310, 317), it was provided as follows:
“Seer S7. Whenever any executor, administrator, guardian or trustee, shall hold in his hands the personal estate belonging to any heir, legatee, or ward, under the age of twenty-one years, who is an inhabitant of another of the United States, and residing therein, such personal estate may be transferred and delivered to the legal guardian or trustee of such minor, appointed under the authority of the state where such minor resides, and having, by the laws of the state where appointed, power and authority to control the property of his ward.
“See. SS. Whenever such, guardian or trustee shall be desirous to receive such property, he may file his application in the probate court where the will was proved, administration granted, or the appointment of the guardian or trustee in this state was made, stating the facts by reason of which he claims said property, and asking said court to direct that said property shall be delivered to him; ' and, upon his depositing in said court a copy of the record of his appointment under the authority of the state in which his appointment was made, certified conformably to the acts of congress relating to the certification of judicial proceedings between the states, and furnishing satisfactory evidence that such guardians and trustees have power, by the laws of the state where he was appointed, to control the estate of their wards, such court of probate may, in its discretion, direct such estate to be transferred to such guardian or trustee.
“Sec. 80. The executor, administrator, guardian, or trustee, shall transfer the personal estate of such heir, legatee or ward, to said guardian or trustee, according to the directions of said court, and take his receipt for the same, and shall make return of his doings under oath, which, with said receipt, shall be recorded in the records of said court, and said executor, administrator, guardian, or trustee, shall thereupon be discharged from all future liability for the property so transferred.
“Sec. 90. The courts of probate may direct guardians of minors residing in another state to pay over all, or a part, of the annual income of such minor’s property, to be applied to the nurture or education of such minor, in the state where he or she resides.”
These sections of the Connecticut statutes are of comparatively recent enactment, and were obviously made in view of the disability of foreign executors, administrators, trustees, and guardians to maintain suits in this state without first having their appointments repeated here. They were intended to partially obviate the difficulty arising from this disability, by permitting a resort to the discretionary power conferred upon the courts of probate in behalf of foreign minors entitled to property. No doubt, the primary object of the statute was to deal with those cases where legatees, distributees and wards under age, derive their right to property from estates of persons deceased here, in the place of their domicil, and where administration of their estates must be had. But the language of the act is broad enough to include property in the hands of a guardian or trustee and belonging to foreign minors, from whatever source derived. But the whole power’jn the premises is confided to the discretion of the courts of probate, to be exercised, if at all, in conformity with the provisions of the act. Beyond this, the disability to maintain legal proceedings to recover the property still remains. Therefore, the plaintiff cannot, even if he is to be deemed clothed with the rights and powers of guardian of Homer Collins, recover in this action the avails of the piano and silver.
I have already shown, that the trust fund, the fruit of the residuary clause in the will, cannot be recovered in this action. Nor can it be recovered in equity by the plaintiff, unless he shall first be appointed, by the proper tribunal, trustee under the will, and be clothed with the power and responsibility of administering the whole trust This trust cannot be split up and confided to different hands, nor can the whole fund be committed to a trustee who is empowered to act only for one of the cestui que trusts, leaving the rights of others in abeyance, and to an uncertain fate. It follows, from these views, that judgment in this suit must be rendered
It is alleged In the pleadings, and was insisted on in the argument, that the trustee in this case, appointed by the court in New York, whatever might be the powers conferred upon him by such appointment in his own state, cannot, virtute officii, maintain a suit beyond the jurisdiction of that state. No direct authority on this point was cited at bar, and, after a somewhat extensive and diligent search, I have been unable to find any case in which such a question is discussed in relation to foreign trustees. . But I apprehend, that, where the legal title of the trustee is created by the owner of the property, it would be respected, and the right of the trustee to enforce it be recognized everywhere. It would not be deemed material that the legal title was encumbered with a trust. The jus disponendi would be acknowledged and effect given to it, though, of course, any requirement of the local law as to formalities must be observed. Thus, if the title of the trustee is created by will, the will must be proved in the state where the suit is brought, according to the local law, to give effect to any title under it So, if the legal title be by deed, the deed must be proved according to the local law. In this regard, the legal title of a trustee does not differ from any other legal title, and he can everywhere enforce that title by legal proceedings, the same as any other owner. But, if the title is not derived from the jus disponendi of the owner, but solely from some act of the law, the effect of that act is confined to the territorial jurisdiction over which the law extends. This is the principle which has governed the cases of executors, administrators, and guardians, and 1 see no reason why it should not prevail in regard to trustees appointed by local law. As the trustee, in such a case, derives his title, not from the jus disponendi of the owner, but from the law of the state under which he is appointed, this title, as well as the right to enforce it by legal remedies, must cease to operate when he enters a foreign jurisdiction. Whenever he seeks to exercise his powers in another state than that under whose laws he was appointed, he must first have his appointment repeated by the local tribunal having jurisdiction over the appointment of trustees.
Now. as already intimated, had tne present plaintiff been named in the will as trustee, he would have received the title to this estate from the jus disponendi of the owner, and this title would have enabled him to sue in this state, on compliance with the formalities required by its laws. These formalities are, the probate of the will in this state, and a bond for the due performance of the duty imposed by the will, so rar as the property in this state is concerned. But the plaintiff received his appointment from the supreme court of New York. Still, the character of the title he took, (assuming now that the latter court had jurisdiction, and that tlie appointment was that of a full trustee,) and the character of the trust with which it is encumbered, depend wholly on the will by which the trust was created. No court, either of law or equity, could properly proceed a step in aid of the trustee, until the will had been produced and probated here. Judge Redfield, In his treatise on the Law of Wills (volume 1, p. 401), remarks: “In those American states where the probate of wills is conclusive, both of real and personal estate, the courts of equity will not assume jurisdiction to compel the performance of a trust arising under a will proved in another state, but of which there has been no probate, or its equivalent, by filing a copy of the original probate in the state where the trust is claimed to be enforced, and into which state the funds belonging to the estate have been removed by the personal representatives. Such probate and administration is entirely local, and the personal representative appointed in one state, or his authority, cannot be recognized in any other state.” This doctrine is supported by the cases of Campbell v. Sheldon, 13 Pick. 8, and Campbell v. Wallace, 10 Gray, 162, and, although reference is made in them to the statute of Massachusetts, the general principle is not dependent upon those statutes.
It would seem, then, that a trustee under this will, whether named in the will, or appointed by the tribunal to which jurisdiction belongs, must, before he can maintain a suit in this state, prove the will in that probate district where the fund is in the hands of the defendant Undoubtedly, the judge of the probate court would be authorized to accept, as proof of the due execution and validity of the will, an exemplified copy of the same, with the foreign probate thereof in Illinois, the domicil of the testator. Indeed, the production of the will, with the proceedings and decree of the foreign court admitting the same to probate, would seem to exclude all other proof, and to require that auxiliary probate here should follow as of course. Enohin v. Wylie, 10 H. L. Cas. 1.
It is hardly necessary to add, that the statutes of Connecticut authorize the probate of foreign wills in this state. This will has not been probated in Connecticut, nor is there any proof before this court that It has ever been probated in New York. An exemplified copy of the probate in Illinois Is produced, but this would not aid this court, as it has no probate jurisdiction, and no means whatever to give effect, to' the will in this state. That must be done’■by the probate tribunals of the state. I do not overlook the fact, that this fund has been brought into this state since the settlement of the estate; but that is not material. The fund is here, and it is encumbered with a
"Which is the proper tribunal to make the primary appointment of the trustee, is not so clear. The trust was created by a will executed at the domicil of the testatrix, In Illinois, where her death took place, her will was probated, and her estate settled. But neither the fund, nor the primary cestui que trust, nor any other party interested in the same, resides in that state. Tne primary cestui, que trust, Homer Collins, has his domicil in New York. But there is no fund there, nor, so far as it appears in the proof, has this will ever been probated there. Of course, that omission could be easily supplied, if need be, before other proceedings are instituted. The will being proved and made effective in New York, where the primary cestui que trust resides with ms grandparents. his natural guardians and protectors, it would seem to pertain to that jurisdiction to appoint the trustee, and supervise tlie administration of the trust Certainly, tlie trust could be more intelligently and economically administered by a trustee residing in the vicinity of the ward. It was undoubtedly the expectation of the testatrix that the fund would be held in New York, as the trustee whom she appointed resided there, as well as the cestui que trust. The fund, which is now temporarily in the hands of tlie defendant, should be returned to the domicil of Homer Collins. The only object I have had in view, in touching upon this point, has been to suggest the question as to which jurisdiction should primarily appoint the trustee. As I have already stated, inasmuch as the trustee is to obtain the fund from one jurisdiction, and hold and execute the trust in another, he must receive an appointment from both. It may, after all, not be important which court first appoints him. The only material point is, that he should be first appointed and qualified in New York, before any court sitting in Connecticut could properly direct the fund to be passed over to him. If it should be contended that Illinois, the domicil of the testatrix by whose will this trust was created, is the proper jurisdiction to appoint a successor, it may be replied, that both the beneficiaries and tlie fund are situated elsewhere. There is nothing but the will, and its original probate in that state, upon which its jurisdiction can act; and, as the fund was' received by the deceased trustee under an appointment by the court in New York, and was brought into that state by him, and from there into this state, perhaps his administrator would be estopped from denying tlie authority,, of that court to appoint his successor. At all events, after a proper appointment there, the plaintiff can prove the will here, have his appointment repeated here, and then apply to the court of probate, under the statute of Connecticut already cited, or apply directly to this court.
It is no more than just to the defendant to say, that he admits that his intestate received the property in question from Wad-hams, the executor of the will, as trustee, and brought into this state the avails, which are now in the defendant’s hands; and that, as administrator, he is ready and anxious to pay over whatever has come into his hands, after the account of his intestate, as trustee, shall have been properly adjusted. His only solicitude is to pay to the person properly authorized to receive, and in accordance with the law.