Plaintiff William Price-Curtis filed this action against the Board of Education of the Oklahoma City Public Schools (“Board”); certain members of the Board acting in their individual capacities (“Board Members”); and Arthur Steller (former Superintendent of the Oklahoma City Public Schools), Sylvia Little (former Assistant Superintendent and supervisor of Plaintiff^ and Gloria Griffin (supervisor of Plaintiff), in their individual and official capacities (collectively, “Supervisors”). 1
Plaintiff alleged he suffered harassment and retaliation and was ultimately discharged from his position as Equity/Affirmative Action Officer for the Oklahoma City Public Schools (“School District”), in violation of federal and state law. He appeals various rulings of the district court and a portion of the adverse jury verdict. This court concludes the district court improperly ruled that certain of Plaintiffs expressions relating to racial equity within the school district were not protected under the First Amendment for purposes of Plaintiffs civil rights and retaliatory discharge claims. We affirm on all other issues.'
I. FACTS
A. Background of the Dowell Litigation
An overview of the efforts to desegregate the Oklahoma City public schools is neces
*1206
sary for a complete understanding of this case. In 1961, Oklahoma schoolchildren and their parents commenced an action seeking equitable relief against the Board for operating a state-imposed dual system of education.
See Dowell v. School Bd.,
In 1972, after finding that the Board’s operational plans failed to eliminate the state-imposed segregation, the district court ordered the Board to implement a desegregation plan.
See Dowell v. Board of Educ.,
In 1975, the Board filed a motion to end the federal court’s jurisdiction. In 1977, the district court found that the Board had executed the desegregation plan properly and that “ ‘substantial compliance with the constitutional requirements ha[d] been achieved.’ ”
Dowell,
The Board continued to operate its schools in substantial conformity with the 1972 court-ordered desegregation plan until 1985, when the Board adopted the Student Reassignment Plan (“SRP”).
See id.
at 1505-06. Under the SRP, a number of previously desegregated schools were returned to primarily one-race status for the asserted purposes of increasing parental involvement and alleviating greater busing burdens on young black children caused by demographic changes.
See Dowell,
The SRP also included a “number of programs designed to preserve to the maximum extent possible the desegregated nature of the school system.”
Dowell v. Board of Educ.,
After the Board adopted the SRP, the plaintiffs in the original
Dowell
litigation challenged the SRP in court, seeking to reopen the
Dowell
case and enjoin the Board from implementing the SRP.
See Dowell v. Board of Educ.,
B. Plaintiffs Experience as Equity/Affirmative Action Officer
The events leading up to Plaintiffs discharge in January 1991 took place during the Dowell litigation. In 1987, Plaintiff was employed as the Equity/Affirmative Action Officer for the Oklahoma City Public Schools. Plaintiffs “job goals” included assisting the School District in achieving equity under the SRP and “generally, facilitating the creation of a model school system.” Plaintiff was to *1207 achieve these goals in part by “facilitating” the Equity Committee (“Committee”) and serving as a “communication link” between the Committee, Board, and the Superintendent of the School District. 2
Superintendent Arthur Steller was Plaintiffs immediate supervisor for most of 1988 and the beginning of 1989. Plaintiffs first two performance evaluations, prepared by Steller in July 1988 and August 1989, were’ generally favorable.
In early 1989, Sylvia Little became Plaintiffs immediate supervisor. Plaintiff experienced a number of conflicts with Little and began to receive written reprimands and other criticisms of his performance from Little. Defendants assert these disciplinary actions resulted from Plaintiffs failure to meet deadlines and follow directives. Plaintiff contends the disciplinary actions were retaliatory. Plaintiff also asserts Little interfered with his efforts to facilitate the Equity Committee, undermined his work product, and gave him job assignments not required of other administrators.
On September 25, 1989, Plaintiff testified at a hearing before the Board on behalf of a colleague, Belinda Biscoe, who alleged she had been subjected to harassment and salary discrimination by Steller. At this hearing, Plaintiff testified about several incidents manifesting his belief Steller had harassed Biscoe. He further testified that he had also been harassed by Steller after certain Board Members and members of the African American community expressed concern about the equity of both his and Biscoe’s salaries.
On November 14, 1989, Plaintiff was placed on a Plan for Improvement (“PFI”), a vehicle to correct his alleged performance deficiencies. Plaintiff asserts this was in retaliation for his testimony at the Biscoe hearing. In January 1990, Plaintiff was subpoenaed and gave testimony to a grand jury investigating the School District. In March 1990, Plaintiff filed a racial discrimination and harassment charge with the EEOC.
In June 1990, Little recommended to Stel-ler that Plaintiffs contract not be renewed “based upon willful neglect of duty.” Steller did not approve the recommendation. In July 1990, Plaintiff received his annual performance evaluation from Little, in which he received an “unsatisfactory” rating. Plaintiff was placed on another PFI, with a recommendation that he be discharged if all the conditions delineated in the PFI were not met. 3
C. Background of the Equity Coftimittee Charge and the Committee’s 1988-89 Equity Report
The Equity Committee was an advisory committee composed of lay persons appointed by the Board. According to official Board policy, such advisory committees were established to assist the,Board in research projects and in developing policies. The committees were to “serve in an advisory capacity only, proposing recommendations based on analysis of a problem.” Oklahoma City Public Schools, Policy B-16. Although the Board was to “give careful consideration to all [committee] recommendations,” the Board .retained final responsibility over-any proposed actions. Id.
In 1985, the Board provided the Equity Committee and Equity Officer with a definition of equity and an official charge (“1985 *1208 charge”). “[Ejquity in education” was defined as: “An educational system which provides equal education opportunities for all children.” Under the 1985 charge, the Committee was primarily directed to inspect physical facilities and equipment and to review pupil-teacher ratios to determine whether there was equity in the district.
According to Plaintiff, in response to the frustration expressed by the Committee concerning its ability to adequately review equity in the schools based on such inspections, Plaintiff organized a workshop for the Committee with an equity consultant in 1988. As a result of the workshop, the Committee broadened its view of school equity and expressed a desire to review more substantive measurements of equity, rather than focusing primarily on physical facilities and equipment. From the fall of 1988 through 1989, the Board, Committee, Plaintiff, and School District Administration discussed revising the 1985 charge. The Board and Committee exchanged drafts of proposed revisions to the 1985 charge. The Committee’s proposals recommended examining substantive factors for measuring equity, such as test scores and level of teacher experience.
On December 4, 1989, the Board officially adopted a new charge (“1989 charge”). 4 The general directive of the 1989 charge stated that the Equity Officer and Committee were “appoint[edj and eharge[d] ... with ensuring that black [students] and students of other racial groups are not adversely affected as a result of the Board’s 1985 adoption of a Student Reassignment Plan.” The 1989 charge then directed the Equity Officer and Committee to (1) review facility upkeep and availability of instructional materials at a representative sample of elementary schools within each of the Board’s sub-districts; (2) evaluate equity in school adoptions, tutorial programs, and parental and community support; (3) review data of individual elementary schools, concentrating on pupil-teacher ratios, educational attainment of teachers, level of experience of teachers, and standardized test performance; (4) review other areas of equitable concern as the Board may direct; (5) make annual reports to the Board; and (6) make recommendations to the Board as deemed necessary.
After receiving the 1989 charge, the Equity Committee, with Plaintiffs assistance, developed a “Blueprint for Equity,” which was used to direct the Committee in implementing the charge and preparing the Committee’s report for the 1989-90 school year. Based on Plaintiffs recommendation, the Blueprint focused on equity in the “Dowell schools” (the 90%+ black schools created as a result of the SRP). The Blueprint also identified a number of substantive factors to be studied in the equity review.
In September 1990, the Committee issued its report on equity in the district for the 1989-90 school year. This report, which followed the Blueprint, compared the Dowell schools to a group of schools in the district which were more racially integrated or predominantly white. The report concluded the Dowell schools were generally “worse than” the group of comparison schools based on several factors and made recommendations to improve the Doivell schools. 5
In a memorandum to the Board responding to the Committee report, Superintendent Steller criticized the report as inconsistent with the Board’s 1989 charge. 6 Under the 1989 charge, the Committee was to monitor all sub-districts to determine if students of *1209 all racial and ethnic backgrounds were receiving equity. The Committee’s report, however, focused on equity only in the Do-well schools. The report also examined a number of different factors than those set out in the 1989 charge. Steller further stated that the Committee had employed faulty and outdated data in reaching its conclusions. Steller expressly rejected the Committee’s conclusion that thé Dowell schools were deficient in contrast to the group of comparison schools. Steller further suggested the Committee was biased and stated that “[t]he timing of this report [was] ... suspiciously close to the date when the oral arguments [were] to be heard [in the Dowell litigation] by the U.S. Supreme Court [in October 1990].”
At the subsequent Board meeting when the Committee’s report was presented, the Board discussed and then voted five to one to reject the report’s findings on the grounds that “the report [did] not address the charge given to the Committee by the Board” and “the data [was] faulty and [was] not based on current progress of the schools.”
D. Plaintiffs Termination
On November 1,1990, Little recommended Plaintiffs dismissal to Steller. On November 6, Steller notified Plaintiff in writing that he was recommending to the Board that Plaintiff be discharged for “willful neglect of duty and incompetence.” The reasons cited for the discharge recommendation included Plaintiffs alleged failure to guide the Equity Committee to a “Blueprint for Equity” consistent with the Board’s 1989 charge “and/or appropriately notify [his] immediate supervisor when it became apparent the Committee was not following, the Charge.” 7 Steller subsequently sent a letter to the Board contaim ing his recommendation and an outline, of the reasons and supporting evidence.
A pretermination hearing before the Board was scheduled for January 19, 1991. Plaintiff informed the Board that he- believed the hearing should not proceed until the EEOC had resolved his discrimination complaint and informed -the Board that he would not attend the scheduled hearing. At the scheduled hearing, the Board voted to deny Plaintiffs request for a continuance until the EEOC acted and then voted five to two to accept Steller’s recommendation and terminate Plaintiffs employment with the'School District.
E. The Litigation
In July 1992, the EEOC dismissed Plaintiffs discrimination complaint, and in October 1992, Plaintiff filed this action." Plaintiff alleged he was “harassed, discriminated against'and ultimately terminated in an escalating pattern of retaliatory reprimands and negative evaluations.” Plaintiff alleged Defendants’ actions were taken in retaliation for certain of Plaintiffs activities 8 and violated the First and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution and 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981, 1988, 1985; Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964; and state law prohibiting retaliatory discharge and breach of contract.
In April 1995, the district court granted summary judgment to all Defendants on Plaintiffs procedural and substantive due *1210 process claims. The court also granted the Board’s motion for summary judgment on the § 1983 claim and granted the Board Members’ motion for qualified immunity.
A jury trial began in February 1996. At the conclusion of Plaintiffs case in chief, the district court entered judgment as a matter of law in favor of the Board and Supervisors on Plaintiffs § 1981 claim. The court also granted the Supervisors’ motion for judgment as a matter of law on Plaintiffs Title VII claim and state law retaliatory discharge and breach of contract claims. Following the trial, the district court ruled in favor of the Board on the Title VII claim. 9 The jury returned a verdict in favor of Defendants on the remaining § 1983, § 1985, and state law claims. 10
On appeal, Plaintiff argues (1) the district court erred in ruling that certain of Plaintiffs activities and speech in connection with the Equity Committee were not protected by the First Amendment; (2) the district court erred in denying Plaintiffs summary judgment motion on his due process claims; (3) the district court erred in granting summary judgment to the Board on Plaintiffs § 1983 claim; (4) the district court erred in granting judgment in favor of the Board on Plaintiffs Title VII claim; (5) the district court erred in making certain evidentiary rulings at trial; (6) the district court’s jury instruction concerning due process constitutes reversible error; and (7) the jury’s verdict for the Board on Plaintiffs breach of contract claim was contrary to the overwhelming evidence.
II. ANALYSIS
A. First Amendment Protected Speech Claims
During the jury instruction conference, Plaintiff asserted that various activities in which he engaged were protected speech under the First Amendment. The district court concluded, however, that only two of the activities, Plaintiffs testimony in the Belinda Biseoe hearing and his testimony before the grand jury, were protected, and accordingly listed only these activities as protected speech in the jury instructions on Plaintiffs § 1983 claim.
On appeal, Plaintiff challenges the district court’s determinations regarding two general activities: (1) Plaintiffs advocacy to the Equity Committee and Board regarding the need to examine equity by focusing on the “Dowell schools” (the 90%+ black schools created as a result of the SRP) and (2) Plaintiffs activities in connection with the Committee’s preparation and submission of the 1989-90 equity report. 11 Plaintiff asserts these activities were protected speech and that the jury should have been allowed to consider these activities in connection with his § 1983, § 1985, and retaliatory discharge claims. 12
*1211 1. Protected Speech Under the First Amendment
It is well established that a government employer may not condition employment or “discharge an employee on a basis that infringes that employee’s constitutionally protected interest in freedom of speech.”
Rankin v. McPherson,
If the speech addresses a matter of public concern, the court must then apply the
Pickering
balancing test.
See Pickering v. Board of Educ.,
Whether speech is constitutionally protected is a question of law subject to de novo review.
See Koch v. City of Hutchinson,
For purposes of review, we separate Plaintiffs activities into two chronological categories: (1) Plaintiffs advocacy before the Equity Committee and Board to focus on the Dowell schools in conducting .the equity review, insofar as this advocacy took place before the new equity charge was officially adopted by the Board in December 1989 (“Plaintiffs pre-charge advocacy”); and (2) Plaintiffs activities in connection with the preparation and submission of the Committee’s 1989-90 equity report, which took place after the 1989 charge was adopted (“Plaintiffs post-charge guidance”). 14
2. Public Concern
Speech on a matter of public concern is that which can “be fairly considered as relating to any matter of political, social, or other concern to the community.”
Connick,
“In deciding how to classify particular speech, courts focus on the motive of the speaker and attempt to determine whether the speech was calculated to redress personal grievances or whether it had a broader public purpose.”
Gardetto,
Plaintiff characterizes his speech as a “call for a substantive investigation of racial equity under the SRP.” Plaintiff also asserts his speech “focused in on [a] ... breach of the public trust” by the Board and School District. In so arguing, Plaintiff apparently suggests he sought to inform the public both that the SRP was resulting in inequity and that Defendants were not allowing the Equity Officer and Committee to perform a meaningful review of equity in the district.
In arguing his expression addressed a matter of public concern, Plaintiff points to the context of the speech. Plaintiffs speech took place within the context of the Board’s decision to end desegregation measures and return students to neighborhood schools under the SRP, which resulted in a dramatic increase in the number of schools with a student population over 90%. black. In addition, Plaintiffs expression took place during the ongoing Dowell litigation, in which the federal courts were considering whether the Board could cease desegregation measures and be released from court supervision.
Plaintiff further argues that as the Board ended desegregation measures, the Equity Officer and Committee “ostensibly were the cheek provided to assure the public and the courts that the Board was acting in good faith and that racial inequity would not be allowed.” Plaintiff states that courts in the
Dowell
case identified the appointment of an Equity Officer and Committee as fundamental elements of the SRP.
See, e.g., Dowell,
This court agrees that Plaintiffs speech, both his pre-charge advocacy and his post-charge guidance, involved a matter of public concern. Although the expressions took place during and as part of his official duties, Plaintiffs speech did not address matters of mere personal interest, such as working conditions or internal personnel policies.
See Gardetto,
3. Pickering Balancing
Having concluded Plaintiffs speech involved a matter of public concern, this court next applies the
Pickering
balancing test to determine whether Plaintiffs interest in commenting on such matters was outweighed by his government employer’s interest in restricting the speech so as to promote the efficient provision of public services.
See Pickering,
Relevant considerations in applying the
Pickering
balancing test include “whether the statement impairs discipline by superiors or harmony among co-workers, has a detrimental impact on close working relationships for which personal loyalty and confidence are necessary, or impedes the performance of the speaker’s duties or interferes with the regular operation of the enterprise.”
Id.
The employee’s authority and responsibilities in the workplace are also relevant to the balancing.
See Koch,
Another relevant consideration is whether the employee’s speech calls into question the employee’s competence to perform his or her job.
See Koch,
Defendants contend that Plaintiffs speech and activities, which occurred in the course of his official duties, called into question Plaintiffs competence to perform his job responsibilities, which included facilitating the Equity Committee and acting as a “communication link” between the Committee, Board, and Administration. Defendants assert Plaintiff failed to ensure the Committee followed the Board’s 1989 charge, instead directing the Committee to-focus on the-Dowell schools and to address-factors different from those identified in the charge. Defendants claim this resulted in an incomplete and inaccurate account of equity in the Committee’s annual report. Defendants also assert Plaintiffs actions disrupted the working relationship between Plaintiff, the Board, the Committee, and; the Administration, which harmed Defendants’ interest in functioning efficiently.
Plaintiff challenges the contention that his speech reflected negatively on his competence. He also argues that any disruption engendered by his speech was “licensed” by his job, which “required him to perform in a manner that his employers necessarily recognized included a likelihood of ‘disruption.’ ”
After reviewing the record and balancing the interests of Plaintiff and Defendants, this court concludes Plaintiffs pre-charge advocacy was protected. Plaintiffs pre-charge advocacy to the Board and Committee concerning the need to focus on the Dowell schools did not reflect negatively upon Plaintiffs competence to do his job. Instead, the record indicates that such advocacy was part of an ongoing discussion between the various parties concerning the role of the Equity Committee and how the equity definition and charge should be revised.
In addition, Defendants have not identified any actual disruption attributable to. Plaintiffs pre-charge advocacy.
See Gardetto,
We reach a different conclusion, however, with respect to Plaintiffs post-charge guidance. Given the inconsistencies between the Board-approved charge and the Committee’s Blueprint and report,
see supra
Part I.C, Defendants were entitled to consider Plaintiffs post-charge guidance to the Committee as reflecting negatively upon Plaintiffs competence and willingness to perform his job responsibilities.
Cf. Koch,
Beyond the competence and disruption factors, Plaintiffs responsibilities and position in the workplace weigh against protection of Plaintiffs post-charge expression. Plaintiff was involved in the development and implementation of policies for the School District, and Plaintiffs job responsibilities involved significant contact with the public.
Cf. id.
at 1452-53;
see also supra
note 2 (describing duties). Consequently, Plaintiffs burden of caution with respect to his speech was high and Defendants had a “greater interest in considering his speech when making an employment decision.”
Koch,
Based on the above factors, this court concludes Defendants’ interests outweigh Plaintiffs interests with respect to Plaintiffs post-charge guidance and this speech is therefore not constitutionally protected. Plaintiffs pre-charge advocacy, however, is entitled to First Amendment protection.
B. Due Process Claims
Plaintiff next argues the district court erred in denying his motion for summary judgment against the Board on his due process claims. This court reviews summary judgment orders de novo, using the same standards employed by the district court under Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c).
See Pietrowski v. Town of Dibble,
Plaintiff was notified by letter in November 1990 that Steller was recommending to the Board that Plaintiff be terminated for “willful neglect of duty and incompetence.” 16 The letter outlined specific job performance requirements and PFI objectives Plaintiff allegedly failed to meet and informed Plaintiff that he could request a pretermination hearing before the Board. Steller subsequently sent a letter to the Board containing his recommendation and listing specific reasons and evidence supporting the recommendation.
The Board scheduled a pretermination hearing for January 19, 1991. Plaintiffs attorney informed the Board that Plaintiff had filed an EEOC complaint and believed the pretermination hearing should be continued until the EEOC acted on the complaint. Plaintiff was informed by letter that he must attend the scheduled hearing “to present [his] motion for a continuance, and be prepared to proceed with [his] case if the Board *1215 ... does not grant the continuance.” After receiving this letter, Plaintiff informed Defendants he would not attend the hearing and again asserted the hearing should be continued.
On January 19, Plaintiffs pretermination hearing was held. Plaintiff did not attend the hearing. The Board first considered Plaintiffs request for a continuance and after discussion voted to deny the request. The Board then proceeded to consider Steller’s discharge recommendation. The Board discussed whether there was a need to take evidence given that Plaintiff did not attend the hearing, and also noted that Steller’s recommendation to the Board contained the grounds for the termination recommendation and a summation of the evidence to support those grounds. Following its discussion, the Board voted to accept Steller’s recommendation to terminate Plaintiff.
Plaintiff asserts the Board’s decision to terminate his employment violated substantive due process. “In order to present a claim of denial of ‘substantive’ due process by a discharge for arbitrary or capricious reasons, a liberty or property interest must be present to which the protection of due process can attach.”
Brenna v. Southern Colo. State College,
In arguing he was denied substantive due process, Plaintiff notes that at the pretermin-ation hearing the Board did not receive any evidence, did not discuss the specific grounds for Steller’s recommendation, and did not state any reasons on the record for the Board’s decision to accept the recommendation. Plaintiff further asserts that several Board members admitted in depositions that they did not make an independent determination concerning the specific charges contained in Steller’s recommendation. Plaintiff concludes this demonstrates the Board “terminated him without reason,” rendering its decision arbitrary and capricious. 18
Plaintiff has not established a genuine issue of material fact underlying his substantive due process claim. Although several Board members indicated in depositions that they did not make an independent determination on the merits of Steller’s charges against Plaintiff, these statements, placed in context, do not support Plaintiffs claim that the Board terminated him for no reason. Instead, the record establishes that in the *1216 absence of any evidence presented by Plaintiff at the hearing or otherwise in writing to dispute the statements in Steller’s letter recommending termination, the Board decided to accept Steller’s recommendation.
The transcript of the hearing indicates the Board members had received Steller’s letter recommending termination and listing reasons and supporting evidence. The fact that the Board members relied on Steller’s evaluation and referenced supporting evidence in voting to terminate Plaintiff does not render the Board’s decision arbitrary or capricious. Further, under the circumstances, the Board was not required, as Plaintiff suggests, to restate the specific reasons and evidence contained in Steller’s recommendation before voting to accept the recommendation. The district court therefore properly granted summary judgment to Defendants on the Plaintiffs due process claims.
C. Section 1983 Claim
Plaintiff next asserts the district court erred in granting the Board’s motion for summary judgment on his § 1983 claim. The Board, as the final policy-making authority under state law, may not be held liable under § 1983 based on the doctrine of re-spondeat superior.
See Ware v. Unified Sch. Dist. No. 492,
In Ware, this court stated that “[s]chool boards are chargeable with the knowledge that employees ‘may not be dismissed in retaliation for lawful exercise of first amendment freedoms.’ ” Id. (citation omitted). Plaintiff asserts that the record here establishes the Board knew of his belief that Stel-ler’s recommendation was made in retaliation for Plaintiffs protected activity. Plaintiff argues that in light of this knowledge, the Board’s decision to vote in favor of termination without conducting any investigation into Plaintiffs retaliation claims demonstrated the Board’s deliberate indifference to his rights.
“To survive summary judgment, the plaintiff must go beyond [his] pleadings and show that [he] has evidence of specific facts that demonstrate [ ] that the defendants exhibited deliberate indifference or reckless disregard.”
Gates v. Unified Sch. Dist. No. 449,
D. Title VII Claim
Plaintiff next contends the district court erred in ruling for the Board on Plaintiffs Title VII. claim. In his Title VII claim, Plaintiff asserted Defendants terminated him in retaliation for filing a discrimination complaint with the EEOC.
The ultimate question to be decided by the fact finder in a Title VII case is “ ‘which party’s explanation of the employer’s motivation it believes.’ ”
Love v. RE/MAX of Am., Inc.,
Our review of the record establishes there was evidence supporting the court’s determination of no retaliation. Evidence was presented at trial in support of Defendants’ assertion that Plaintiff failed to competently perform his job responsibilities. The evidence also established that Plaintiff received a number of reprimands and was placed on a PFI prior to his filing of the EEOC complaint. A reasonable inference from this evidence is that, as Defendants assert, Plaintiffs termination was based on continuing job performance problems and not on his filing of a complaint with the EÉOC. Board Members also testified that Plaintiffs filing of the EEOC complaint was not a factor in their decision to vote in favor of his termination. Because our review of the record does not leave us with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed, we affirm the district court’s ruling on Plaintiffs Title VII claipi.
E. Evidentiary Rulings
1. Limitation of Testimony by Belinda Biscoe
Plaintiff challenges the district court’s refusal to permit Belinda Biscoe to /‘testify regarding retaliatory and harassing conduct by [D]efendants similar to that experienced by [Plaintiff].” In excluding this testimony, the district court, concluded that- there was insufficient similarity between Plaintiffs and Biscoe’s situations to justify the testimony, that the testimony was irrelevant and would be confusing to the jury, and that admission of the evidence would require the court to conduct a separate trial of Biscoe’s claims. 20
This court . reviews the district court’s exclusion of evidence under an abuse of discretion standard.
See United States v. Davis,
Testimony of other employees may be relevant in assessing an employer’s retaliatory intent if the testimony establishes a pattern of retaliatory behavior or tends to discredit the employer’s assertion of legitimate motives.
See, e.g., Spulak v. K Mart Corp.,
Before the district court, Defendants described a number of dissimilarities between Plaintiffs and Biscoe’s situations. Biscoe and Plaintiff did not work in the same department and had different job responsibil *1218 ities. Biscoe was not involved with the Equity Committee, which the district court indicated Plaintiff had placed at the center of his case. With the exception of about six weeks, Biscoe had a different supervisor who was not involved in this case or named as a defendant by Plaintiff. Although Biscoe, like Plaintiff, was placed under a PFI and was allegedly given “impossible” job assignments, her evaluations, plans for improvement, and alleged disciplinary problems were handled by different supervisors. Finally, unlike Plaintiff, Biscoe was not discharged but was offered a contract of employment. Given these differences in Plaintiffs and Biscoe’s situations, this court cannot say the district court abused its discretion in excluding the Biscoe testimony on the basis of relevance or under Rule 403.
2. Exclusion of Testimony by John Cathey
Plaintiff also contends the district court improperly excluded testimony of John Cath-ey, a former School District employee. Cathey allegedly would have testified that as head of the District’s gifted program he observed that black schools were not receiving the same resources as white schools and that when he brought this to his supervisor’s attention,, he was told not to give this information to Plaintiff “because of the Dowell case.” Plaintiff argues this testimony supported his § 1985 conspiracy claim. The district court excluded the testimony on the basis of relevance, confusion of the issues, and prejudice.
Cathey’s supervisor was not a named defendant in this case and Plaintiff did not establish that the proffered testimony directly related to any of the Defendants in this case. Further, in the proffer, Plaintiff did not indicate the basis for Cathey’s observation or when the observation was made. The proffered testimony concerning equity in the gifted program also involved issues that went beyond those raised by Plaintiff. The district court’s balancing, under Rule 403, of the probative value of this evidence against the danger of confusion of the issues and unfair prejudice was not an abuse of discretion. 21
3. Limitation of Expert Witness Testimony
Plaintiff next asserts the district court improperly limited the expert testimony of Dr. Frank Morris. Plaintiff sought to offer Morris’ conclusions that the recruitment plan Sylvia Little directed Plaintiff to execute was unreasonable and retaliatory. After hearing Morris summarize his proposed testimony, the district court stated Morris could testify about what constitutes effective recruiting in the particular context of historically black colleges and universities and about the difficulty and potentially, negative effects of recruiting at these institutions during the summer months. The court refused to allow Morris to state his conclusions whether the recruiting plan in this case was effective and whether the plan constituted harassment or retaliation.
The admission of expert testimony is governed by Federal Rule of Evidence 702, which provides that if “specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert ... may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise.” “Expert testimony is appropriate when it relates to issues that are beyond the ken of people of ordinary intelligence.”
United States v. French,
In this case, the district court allowed expert testimony concerning those issues in which specialized knowledge would be helpful to the jury in understanding and evaluating evidence presented at trial. In limiting further testimony by Morris, the court noted the jury was capable of evaluating the testimony presented at trial and could determine for itself whether the recruitment plan in this ease was ineffective and whether it was evidence of retaliation. The decision to limit expert testimony in these areas which were readily within the comprehension and ability of the jury was not an abuse of the. court’s discretion.
4. Exclusion of Testimony by Jim La-zalier
Plaintiff finally asserts the district court erred in excluding the testimony of Jim Lazalier, Plaintiffs supervisor at Rose State College where Plaintiff was formerly employed. The testimony was proffered to rebut Defendants’ charges that Plaintiff was incompetent and willfully neglected his duties. Plaintiff informed the court that La-zalier would testify as to whether Plaintiff was a “team player” and whether Plaintiff had willfully neglected his duties while supervised by Lazalier. The district court excluded the testimony as irrelevant. This was not an abuse of the court’s discretion. Lazalier had no personal knowledge of the specific facts or issues involved in this ease and therefore could not testify whether Plaintiff was competent in or willfully neglected his current duties.
F. Jury Instruction on Due Process
Plaintiff next argues the district court’s instruction to the jury concerning due process constitutes reversible error. The due process instruction stated:
The due process clause requires that an individual be given an opportunity for a hearing before he is deprived of any significant property interest. This issue is not before you because the court has determined that plaintiff was given all the process he was due.
Plaintiff asserts that because his due process claims were resolved by the district court prior to trial, this instruction was unnecessary and prejudicially suggested he had been treated fairly.
In allowing the instruction, the district court stated that “the issue of due process was interjected into the trial” and that the instruction would “clear up any confusion” or improper inferences thereby created. The court also rejected Plaintiffs “compromise” request that the instruction only inform the jury that due process issues were not before them, without further stating the court had determined Plaintiff “was given all the process he was due.”
“We review a district court’s decision on jury instructions, i.e., whether to give a particular instruction, for abuse of discretion. As for the instructions themselves, we conduct a de novo review to determine whether, as a whole, they correctly stated the governing law and provided the jury with an ample understanding of the issues and applicable standards. Reversal is warranted only where a deficient jury instruction is prejudicial.”
Harrison v. Eddy Potash, Inc.,
The district court did not abuse its discretion in giving the due process instruction. Because evidence relating to due process issues was introduced by Plaintiff at trial, an instruction
informing the
jury that all due process issues had been resolved by the court was helpful to clarify which issues were before the jury and to remedy any confusion created by the evidence. The specific instruction given by the court did not misstate the law or the facts in the case.
Cf. Hopkins v. Seagate,
G. Jury Verdict on Breach of Contract Claim
Plaintiff finally challenges the jury’s verdict in favor of the Board on Plaintiffs breach of contract claim. Plaintiff did not move for judgment as a matter of law on this issue at the close of all the evidence nor did he move for judgment notwithstanding the verdict or for a new trial. Consequently, Plaintiff alleges plain error in challenging the jury’s verdict.
See First Sec. Bank v. Taylor,
Our review of the record shows there was substantial evidence to support the jury’s verdict. There was extensive evidence presented at trial concerning Plaintiffs failure to adequately perform his job responsibilities. This evidence was consistent with the charges contained in Superintendent Steller’s letter to the Board recommending Plaintiffs discharge, which recommendation the Board accepted in voting to terminate Plaintiffs employment. The testimony referred to by Plaintiff does not demonstrate the Board lacked just cause for his termination. Instead, as previously discussed, the Board members testified that because Plaintiff did not attend the hearing, they did not themselves conduct an inquiry or make an independent determination into the merits of Steller’s charges. Rather, the Board relied on Steller’s evaluation and supporting evidence. See supra Part II.B.1. This court therefore rejects Plaintiffs challenge to the jury’s verdict. 22
III. CONCLUSION
The district court did not err in granting Defendants’ motions for summary judgment on Plaintiffs due process claims, § 1983 claim, and Title VII claim. The district court also did not err in making evidentiary rulings at trial, nor did the jury instruction on due process constitute reversible error. In addition, the jury’s verdict in favor of Defendants on the breach of contract claim does not constitute plain error. The district court did, however, improperly conclude that Plaintiffs pre-charge advocacy to the Board and Equity Committee concerning the need to focus on the Dowellschods in examining equity in the school district was not protected by the First Amendment. The matter is therefore remanded to the district court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Notes
. The Board is the governing and policy-making body for the Oklahoma City Public Schools ("School District"). See Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 70, § 5-106. It also has final authority in hiring and discharging employees. The Superintendent is hired by the Board to take care of the day-to-day operations of the School District. The Superintendent's duties include the direct supervision of staff and making employment/termination recommendations to the Board.
. Plaintiff's position combined two positions, Equity Officer and Affirmative Action Officer, formerly filled by two employees. According to the job description, the specific responsibilities of the Equity/Affirmative Action Officer included developing and implementing the District’s affirmative action and equity programs; facilitating the Affirmative Action and Equity Advisory Committees "so that the purposes of these groups [would be] achieved”; serving as a "communication link” between the committees, Board, and Superintendent; receiving, investigating, and participating in the resolution of discrimination complaints; ”[v]isit[ing] school sites to compare facilities, equipment, supplies and other material resources and, otherwise, exploring] equity issues”; and "servfing] as the District’s liaison with civil rights compliance agencies, minority and women’s organizations, and other community groups concerned with equal employment opportunities and equity.” In the spring of 1989, Plaintiff was assigned the additional job duty of minority teacher recruitment.
. Throughout 1990, Gloria Griffin acted as Plaintiff's supervisor during Little’s absences. Plaintiff also experienced conflicts with Griffin and received a number of written reprimands from Griffin based on his alleged failure to meet deadlines and satisfactorily complete certain job responsibilities and on his allegedly unprofessional behavior.
. During the December 4 Board meeting and other meetings, Plaintiff argued that the Committee should be allowed to review test scores and also argued that in light of the Dowell litigation the Committee should focus on the "Dowell schools” (the 90%+ black schools created as a result of the SRP).
. The report also charged that the School District Administration interfered with and failed to cooperate with the Committee. The report indicated that such interference included the cancellation of a scheduled equity workshop, Sylvia Little's disruption of Committee meetings, and the Administration’s failure to respond to Committee requests for data.
.In addition to his letter describing problems with the Committee's report, Steller provided the Board with a specific outline of how the report was inconsistent with the Board's 1989 charge. Such inconsistencies included the report's failure to address "all racial or ethnic groups,” failure to visit all the schools listed in the report, failure to rely on "authoritative data,” failure to select a "representative” group of schools for review, and failure to address parental and community support.
. The letter notifying Plaintiff of this recommendation stated that Plaintiff had failed to "fulfill Performance Responsibilities in [his] position as Equity/Affirmative Action Officer” and failed to "meet the objectives of [his PFI].” The letter then outlined specific job performance failures, including his "[f|ailure to guide the Equity Advisory Committee to use the proper statistical information in the Committee's annual report for the 1989-90 school year”; “[fjailure to communicate with and guide the Equity Advisory Committee to correct unfounded and inaccurate allegations and statements in the Committee’s report for the 1989-90 school year”; and “[fjailure to submit ... Affirmative Action Plans in accordance with Board Policy ... [and] as directed.” The letter further listed as grounds for termination Plaintiff's failure to satisfy sixteen of twenty-two specific objectives provided by the PFIs.
. Plaintiff specifically alleged he suffered retaliation for testifying on behalf of Belinda Biscoe in a hearing charging Superintendent Steller with discrimination and harassment; "giving subpoe- . naed testimony to a grand jury investigating charges of mismanagement and abuse of power in the School District”; filing a complaint with the EEOC claiming racial discrimination and retaliatory harassment by his employer; and "refusing, to censor the ... Equity Committee report which revealed racial inequity in the school district at a time when [School District] officials were concerned about the outcome of the district’s school desegregation case pending in the United States Supreme Court.”
. The court treated the Title VII claim as a non-jury trial issue because the claim arose prior to the effective date of the 1991 amendments to the Civil Rights Act, which amendments provided a right to a jury trial.
. Specifically, the jury returned a verdict in favor of the Board and Supervisors on the § 1985 claim, in favor of Supervisors on the § 1983 claim, and in favor of the Board on the state law retaliatory discharge and breach of contract claims.
. On appeal, Plaintiff appears to characterize this second category of speech as including not only his guidance to the Committee in preparing and submitting the Committee’s report to the Board, but also the actual content of the 1989-90 report. Based on the record provided by Plaintiff, however, it is unclear whether Plaintiff asserted before the district court that the report itself was protected speech. It is also unclear whether, based on Plaintiff's testimony and position taken at trial, the report could be deemed his (and not merely the Committee's) speech. This court therefore does not consider whether the content of the report itself is protected speech.
Plaintiff also asserts that his activities in connection with the Committee's preparation of the 1988-89 equity report are protected speech. Plaintiff has not provided any argument on appeal, however, as to why this activity should be protected, nor has he explained which specific speech or activities he is relying on with respect to the 1988-89 report. This court therefore does not address Plaintiff’s general assertion that his activities in connection with the 1988-89 report are protected.
.In addition to determining the above speech was not protected, the district court held that Plaintiff's filing of an EEOC complaint was not protected speech. The court also held that Plaintiff's guidance to the Equity Committee through the first workshop with an equity consultant and his actions in connection with the cancellation by Sylvia Little of a second workshop were not protected. Plaintiff apparently does not chai- *1211 lenge these rulings and this court therefore does not consider these activities on appeal.
. If the court concludes that the
Pickering
balancing test tips in favor of the employee and that the expression at issue was therefore constitutionally protected, the plaintiff must then prove that the protected speech was a "substantial” or “motivating” factor in the challenged employment decision.
Gardetto v. Mason,
. This latter category of activity generally includes Plaintiff's guidance to the Committee concerning implementation of the 1989 charge and preparation of the Committee's equity report. The category thus includes Plaintiff's guidance and recommendations to the Committee in preparing the "Blueprint for Equity.”
. For example, at the Board meeting when the report was presented, both Board and Committee members expressed frustration over the situation resulting from their contrary understandings of the Committee's role and compliance with the Board's charge.
. According to District policy, employees "may be dismissed from employment with the district for just cause” and "are entitled to procedural due process related to ... dismissal.” Oklahoma City Public Schools, Policy G-31 (Aug. 7, 1989).
. In ruling on Plaintiff's procedural due process claims, the trial court determined Plaintiff had a protected property interest in continued employment. Although this interest is protected by procedural due process, it is unclear whether the interest is also protected by substantive due process. Neither the Supreme Court nor this court has determined whether a state law contract right is a property right entitled to the protection of substantive due process. See Archuleta v. Colorado Dep't of Insts., 936 F.2d 483, 489 n. 6 (10th Cir.1991). Because we conclude Plaintiff failed to establish a genuine issue of material fact whether the Board acted arbitrarily and capriciously in voting to terminate his employment, we need not determine whether he had a property interest entitled to substantive due process protection.
. Plaintiff alternatively asserts the Board terminated him because he did not attend the preter-mination hearing. Plaintiff then asserts that the Board decision based on his non-attendance violated his procedural due process rights because he was not given advance notice that failure to attend the hearing would constitute grounds for termination or would waive his right to continued employment absent “just cause” for discharge. In support of this argument, Plaintiff states that two Board members admitted in depositions that they voted for termination solely because Plaintiff did not attend the hearing. Placed in context, however, the testimony Plaintiff relies on ■ does not support this assertion. Instead, the Board members stated they voted to discharge Plaintiff because, given Plaintiff’s failure to attend the hearing, they had no other facts besides those presented in Steller's recommendation upon which to base their decision. One of these Board members further indicated he believed that because Plaintiff chose not to appear, it was possible he “did not want the evidence presented” or "made public." This court therefore rejects Plaintiff's procedural due process claim.
. Based on our resolution of this claim, we need not address Plaintiffs additional claim that the individual Board Members were not entitled to qualified immunity.
. The district court did allow Biscoe to testify concerning the Dowell case and Plaintiffs damages. The court further indicated she could briefly testify about Plaintiff’s testimony on her behalf in a hearing before the Board ori her charges against Steller of salary discrimination and harassment.
. Plaintiff also challenges the district court’s exclusion of Cathey’s testimony that his supervisor, a member of Superintendent Steller's cabinet, told him to stay away from Plaintiff because he was not a "team player." Although the basis for the court's exclusion of the evidence is unclear from the record, Plaintiff asserts the district court determined the statement was hearsay, and argues this was error under Federal Rule of Evidence 801(d)(2)(D). This rule provides that a statement is not hearsay if it is offered against a party and is "a statement by the party’s agent or servant concerning a matter within the scope of the agency or employment, made during the existence of the relationship.” Fed.R.Evid. 801(d)(2)(D). A review of the record indicates Plaintiff did not assert before the district court that the statement was admissible based on this rule. Furthermore, Plaintiff did not satisfy his burden, as proponent of the evidence, of demonstrating to the court that the statement satisfied the requirements of the rule.
See Boren
v.
Sable,
. Because this court rejects Plaintiff's contention that the jury verdict on the breach of contract claim must be reversed, this court need not consider his further argument that the court erred in limiting damages on this claim.