Case Information
*2 Before TJOFLAT and MARTIN, Circuit Judges, and DAWSON,* [1] District Judge.
PER CURIAM.
Curtis Sherrod filed this action against the defendants pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claiming that he was terminated as a teacher and employee of the Palm Beach County School District in retaliation for exercising his First Amendment rights. At all relevant times, Arthur Johnson wаs Superintendent of Schools, and Gloria Crutchfield served as Principal of Roosevelt Middle School where Sherrod was employed at the time of his termination.
For the reasons that follow, we REVERSE and instruct the district court to grant Johnson and Crutchfield summary judgment based on qualified immunity. I. Background.
Sherrod, a public high school history teacher, alleged that a series of unlawful transfers, unwarranted suspensions and subsequent termination between October 23, *The Honorable Robert T. Dawson, United States District Judge for the Western District of Arkansas, sitting by designation.
2003 and May 19, 2004, were in retaliation for exercising his First Amendment right to free speech by criticizing the School Board and District employees on matters of public concern.
Sherrod wаs employed by the District as a history teacher beginning in 1993. Beginning in 2001, Sherrod began voicing his concern through various letters and appearances at school board meetings that the District was not in compliance with a state statute mandating infusion of African and African-American history into the District’s history curriculum.
After an unsatisfactory performance evaluation in May 2002, the District placed Sherrod on a remedial teaching performance plan or “site аssistance plan” (SAP), and during the 2002-2003 and 2003-2004 academic years transferred Sherrod various times to different positions in numerous schools within the District.
On August 14, 2002, Sherrod filed his initial § 1983 suit ( Sherrod I ) against the District and others alleging these transfers were in retaliation for his criticisms of the District in connection with the infusion statute.
During the fall of 2003, the District transferred Sherrod to Roosevelt Middle School to teach seventh grade geography where Gloria Crutchfield was Principal. Crutchfield testified during Sherrod I that while she was initially impressed with Sherrod аs a teacher, she later began receiving complaints from parents about his *4 excessive work assignments and deviations from the curriculum. After meeting with Sherrod to discuss these and other concerns, to include her observation of unsupervised students outside his classroom, Crutchfield gave Sherrod an unsatisfactory performance evaluation.
On February 9, 2004, Crutchfield recommended Sherrod’s termination to Johnson based on his failure to correct “performance deficiencies”. On February 25, 2004, Johnson adopted the recommendation and notified Sherrod of his intent to recommend termination to the School Board. On May 4, 2004, Johnson filed a formal petition with the School Board recommending Sherrod’s termination. At a public meeting on May 19, 2004, where Sherrod spoke on his own behalf, the School Board accepted Johnson’s recommendation and voted to terminate Sherrod’s contract.
Sherrod appealed to the Division of Administrative Hearings which appointed
an Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) to review the School Board’s decision. After
conducting an evidentiary hearing, the ALJ recommended Sherrod’s termination
which the School Board adoрted. Sherrod appealed this ruling to the Fourth District
Court of Appeals which reversed the termination on November 8, 2006, finding that
Fla. Stat. Section 1012.32(4)(c)(2003) required the School Board to base a decision
to terminate primarily on student performance on annual tests. The Fourth District
remanded the case to the School Board for further proceedings consistent with this
*5
th
order. Sherrod v. Palm Beach County School Board,
In February 2006, Sherrod’s 1983 action (
Sherrod I
) proceeded to trial with the
School District as the sole remaining defendant. The jury found in favor of Sherrod
on his First Amendment retaliation claim. However, the district court vacated and set
aside the verdict finding insufficient evidence to support
Monell
liability. This Court
sua sponte
dismissed Sherrod’s appeal from that judgment as untimely and denied his
separately filed appeal from a post-judgment order denying a motion for new trial
based on newly discovered evidence. Sherrod v. Palm Beach County School Dist.,
On March 8, 2007, Sherrod filed a second § 1983 suit ( Sherrod II ) alleging (1) equal protection violations based on the School Board’s failure to implement the infusion statute; (2) a First Amendment retaliation claim against the School Board and various individual teachers and administrators involved in the decision to transfer and terminate him; (3) due process violations based on Principal Crutсhfield’s alleged failure to formally observe his performance in classroom or allow him to complete his SAP before recommending termination, and defendant school board attorneys’ alleged failure to alert him to аn employment/address change of a former school district employee, Vice Principal Christine Hall (Olympic Heights), before and during *6 trial proceedings in Sherrod I .
The District Court dismissed
Sherrod II
with prejudice based on res judicata.
On appeal, this Court reversed and remanded finding that certain claims that arose
after October 24, 2003, (the date the third and final amended complaint was filed in
Sherrod I), survived res judicata, including Sherrod’s First Amendment retaliation
claims against Crutchfield and Johnson, which are the subject of this appеal. Sherrod
v. School Board of Palm Beach County,
(1) 12-23-03 - Superintendent Johnson directs involuntary transfer of Sherrod from Roosevelt Full Service Center to Roosevelt Middle School, where he is placed under “watchful eye” of Principal Crutchfield;
(2) 2-9-04 - Principal Crutchfield, working in coordination with Superintendent Johnson, recommends terminаtion of Sherrod in alleged retaliation for his repeated public criticism of District’s poor implementation of African and African American history infusion statute;
(3) 2-19-04 - Superintendent Johnson, adopting recommendation of Principal Crutchfield, recommends termination of Sherrod to School Board;
(4) 5-19-04 - Following public hearing at which Mr. Sherrod speaks on his own behalf, School Board accepts Superintendent Johnson’s recommendation, suspends plaintiff without pay and terminates his employment.
On March 18, 2010, in ruling on cross-motions for summary judgment, the district court denied Johnson and Crutchfield’s motion finding genuine issues of material fact on whether their proffered reasons for recommending Sherrod’s termination wеre pretextual. The district court further found that Johnson and Crutchfield were not entitled to qualified immunity. On April 20, 2010, the District Court denied Johnson and Crutchfield’s motion to amend this order finding res judicata did not bar Sherrod’s First Amendment retaliation claim against them.
Johnson and Crutchfield appealed contending the District Court erred in finding that Sherrod’s First Amendment retaliation claims against them are not barred by res judicata and denying them qualified immunity. As the Court finds the district court erred in denying Johnson and Crutchfield summary judgment bаsed upon qualified immunity, we do not address the res judicata issue.
II. Discussion.
This Court has jurisdiction to hear this interlocutory appeal of the denial of
*8
qualified immunity as the issue involves the determination of whether the official’s
conduct violated clearly established law. Stanley v. City of Dalton, Ga., 219 F.3d
1280, 1286 (11th Cir. 2000). We review the district court’s denial of summary
judgment based upon qualified immunity de novo, resolving all issues of material fact
in favor of the plaintiff. Oliver v. Fiorino
,
586 F.3d 898, 901 (11th Cir. 2009).
Qualified immunity offers complete protection for individual public officials
performing discretionary functions “insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly
established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have
known.” Harlow v. Fitzgerald,
For the law to be clearly established, the law “must have earlier been developed
in such a concrete and factually defined context to make it obvious to all reasonable
government actors, in the defendant’s place, that ‘what he is doing’ violates federal
law.” Lassiter v. Alabama A&m Univ. Bd. of Trustees,
The District Court concluded that Johnson and Crutchfield “had fair notice that the termination of а public school teacher for publicly calling the School Board to task for allegedly violating a state law requiring African and African-American history infusion into the District’s world history curriculum was unconstitutional.” The District Court further found that “no rational jury could conclude that it was objectively reasonable for defendants to believe that the termination of a public school teacher as a consequence of his vocal criticism of the school bоard’s compliance with state law governing history curriculum content would not violate the employee’s clearly established First Amendment rights.”
A proper analysis of Johnson and Crutchfield’s entitlement to qualified
immunity is not whether they knew that terminating Sherrod in retaliation for
protected speech was lawful, but rather whether terminating him based upon all the
*10
information available to them at the time, to include any knowledge of his protected
speech, was objectively reasonable. See Stanley, supra, at 1294. In Foy, we noted
that the presence of a jury issue about a defendant’s improper intent does not
necessarily preclude qualified immunity. Foy,
The fаcts in the record show lawful justifications for recommending Sherrod’s termination. On May 16, 2002, Plaintiff received an unsatisfactory evaluation at Olympic Heights from Vice-Principal Christine Hall, with seven areas of concern. As a result, Sherrod was placed on a remedial teaching performance plan. While at Roosevelt Middle School, Crutchfield began to receive complaints from parents about excessive work assignments and deviations from the curriсulum. Further, on one occasion, Crutchfield observed unsupervised students standing outside Sherrod’s classroom. After consulting with Sherrod, Crutchfield gave him another unsatisfactory evaluation.
Plaintiff failed to present any precedent, and the Court is aware of none, to suggest that a reasonable principal and superintendent armed with the knowledge they *11 possessed, to include the unsatisfactory performance reviews, would know they could not recommend and/or adopt a recommendation to terminate Sherrod. Accordingly, Johnson and Crutchfield are entitled to qualified immunity.
III. Conclusion.
Based on the foregoing, we hereby REVERSE the district court and instruct the district court to grant Johnson and Crutchfield summary judgment based on qualified immunity.