Currans v. Seattle & San Francisco Railway & Navigation Co.

34 Wash. 512 | Wash. | 1904

Hadley, J.

This is an action to recover damages for personal injuries received from the explosion of a blast in a coal mine. The suit was brought against the Seattle & San Francisco Railway & Navigation Company and the Green River Construction Company. At the trial a non-suit without prejudice was granted as to the latter company, but was denied as to the former. The cause was then submitted to a jury, and a verdict was returned against the said Seattle & San Francisco Railway & Navigation Company in the sum of $25,000. A motion for a new trial was denied, and judgment was entered in accordance with the verdict. The said judgment-defendant has appealed.

Respondent moves to dismiss the appeal for the reason that no notice of appeal was served upon the assignee of the judgment. The judgment was filed April 3, 1903, and was, on the 10th day of the same month, duly assigned to the Northwestern Improvement Company. The assignment was filed in the clerk’s office April 13, 1903, in accordance with § 5133a, Bal. Code, and, under the terms of said section, the record became notice of the assignment from the time of filing. The notice of appeal was not served until June 27, 1903, which was more than two months after the assignment of judgment was recorded. It is therefore contended that, since the assignee of the judgment is the real party in interest, the notice of appeal should have been served upon it. Appellant says it had no actual notice of the assignment, but the declaration of the statute — that the filing of the assignment shall be notice — probably answers that argument. However, we think, under our procedure, that an appellant is not required to serve notice of appeal upon the assignee of the judgment from which he appeals. No specific statutory provision to that effect has been pointed out to us. Section 6503, Bal. Code, provides that notice shall be served upon “the prevailing party or his attorney;” and § 6504 provides that it shall be served “upon all parties who have appeared in the action or proceeding.” The assignee of the judgment cannot be said to belong to either class, since he is an entire stranger to the case in every way until after the judgment is entered. The case is finally closed by the judgment, and any interest which the assignee may acquire therein arises from subsequent history. It is therefore unnecessary to serve him with notice of appeal. He is, however, as the successor in interest, a proper party to be substituted as respondent; and, since each party here requests such substitution in the event the motion to dismiss the appeal is denied, it is therefore now ordered that the motion to dismiss the appeal be denied, and that said Northwestern Improvement Company be, and it is, hereby substituted as party respondent herein.

Appellant assigns as error that the court denied the challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, and also denied the motion for judgment. The challenge and motion were interposed at the close of plaintiffs case, and also when all the evidence had been introduced. Involved in this assignment of error is the claim that there is no evidence showing that respondent was in the employ of appellant at the time he was injured. Appellant was the owner of the mine property, but its co-defendant, Green River Construction Company, for a time was engaged in certain development Work in and about the mine. It is urged by appellant that the evidence shows that said construction company was in sole charge when respondent was injured. Whatever may be our view as to whether the evidence tends to show that the construction company may have been interested in the operation of the mine at that time, it will be remembered that the court granted a nonsuit as to’ said company, and that action of the trial court has not been brought here for review in this appeal. The question here is, was appellant a wrongdoer in the premises, and was there sufficient evidence tending to connect appellant with the control and operation of the mine to warrant its submission to the jury. We think there was. We do not deem it necessary to review in detail the testimony upon that subject It is sufficient to say that, in addition to the fact of ownership by appellant, a number of circumstances, given in evidence, were such that we think it would have been error for the court to have decided, as a matter of law, that appellant was not in a responsible way connected with the control and operation of the mine at the time of the accident. The same may be said in reference to appellant’s further claim that respondent was in the employ of an independent contractor not connected with either of the defendant corporations. Those were questions, under the evidence, to he submitted to the jury for their determination.

The next contention under the above assignment of error is that no negligence on the part of appellant was shown. The evidence shows that respondent and another went into the mine about 7 A. M. They began drilling holes for a couple of blasts, and so continued until near noon, when the holes were ready for the charges. They placed the blasts, each lighted the fuse connecting with his own blast, and then both hurried out of the mine to await the explosions. Tour or five minutes after reaching the surface they heard one explosion. They waited and listened for the other, but it did not occur. Meantime they ate lunch, and, after the lapse of about three-fourths of an hour, they returned to the mine to investigate. An investigation disclosed that it was the blast which was placed and lighted by respondent that had failed to explode. Respondent proceeded to the location of the fuse, and was just bending over to examine it when the blast exploded. Respondent’s eyes were destroyed, his hands broken, and he was otherwise injured in a permanent way. He charges negligence on the part of appellant in furnishing a fuse which, he alleges, was defective. '

The evidence shows that two kinds of fuse are manufactured; one is called “double-tape” fuse, and the other “'triple-tape” fuse. One essential difference between the two is that the double-tape fuse lacks one outside wrapper that belongs to the triple-tape. The additional Wrapper is a greater protection against moisture, and makes the .triple-tape article safer where dampness is encountered. Another difference is found in the fact that, with the absence of the additional wrapper on double-tape fuse, it is not as firm as the triple-tape, and in the process of tamping some small piece of rock or coal may be tamped against it, and produce a dent or kink that may break the progress of the fire when it is ignited. Triple-tape fuse contains about fifteen per cent more powder meal than is found in double-tape. This powder meal is placed along the fuse, and through it runs a powder yam that is steeped in saltpeter. This powder yam is intended to act as a carrying fuse itself, and to carry the train of fire along in the powder meal, the latter being the powder used in the fuse. In passing through the machine, in the process of manufacture, the continuous train of powder may be broken so that a space may be left where there is no powder, but the powder yam mnning through the center is supposed to supply the deficiency, and carry the fire along. If by chance an indenture should break the yam at such a point, so as to form a disconnection, then the fire might go out entirely in the dampness; but, if the fuse happened to be in a dry place the heat might be sufficient to set the inside lining on fire, and it might continue along until it struck the yam again. The above indicates some of the points of difference between the two kinds of fuse, and the results that may follow from their use. The fuse furnished to respondent, and which was used by him, was of the double-tape kind.

Before the motion for nonsuit was made, at the close of the plaintiff’s case, there was considerable testimony to the effect that the double-tape fuse is not a proper or safe one to use in a coal mine. This view was also much strengthened by the testimony of George B. Adair, a witness afterwards introduced by the appellant. This witness appears to have had extensive experience in dealing with explosive materials. The testimony shows that he is the most extensive dealer therein for this northwest coast country, and that he sold the fuse that was used in tin's instance. He testified concerning the nature of the two kinds of fuse substantially as heretofore detailed. He testified that each grade is standard of its kind, and proper to be used for the purposes intended; that the fuse used in this instance was of recent manufacture, and as good an article of that grade as is manufactured anywhere in the world. His testimony was, however, to the effect that the double-tape grade is intended for use in dry places, and not in coal mines, and that from ninety to ninety-five per cent of the fuse which he sells for use in coal mines is of the triple-tape kind.

There was much evidence to the effect that, for the reasons heretofore stated, the use of the triple-tape fuse will much more certainly insure a discharge of the explosive, and also that the discharge will quickly follow the ignition of the fuse; that the fire is more apt to slowly make its way along the trail of the double-tape, and, if it is not extinguished entirely, may finally effect a discharge after much delay, and at an unexpected moment. One witness testified that, with the use of the triple-tape, a failure to discharge will not occur more than once in one hundred times, and that, in such a ease, the fire will he extinguished and there will be no discharge at all after considerable delay.

There was also some testimony that appellant’s foreman had, prior to this accident, been informed by workmen who complained to him that the kind of fuse used was defective for the purpose, and that he had said that he would investigate the matter, or words to that effect. Appellant says there was no evidence that the delayed explosion was the result of using defective fuse. It need not be argued that the explosion was due to the fact that fire reached the charge at that moment. Tire had been placed in the fuse connected with the charge some forty-five minutes before. The explosion was therefore delayed and, from the testimony as to the results of the applied use of the different kinds of fuse, it was to be determined whether the delay was due to the fact that this particular fuse was used. With such testimony as is above outlined, we think it would have been error for the court to have decided, as a matter of law, that no negligence was shown. That was a question for the jury. It was for them to say whether negligence was shown, under all the testimony as to the character of the fuse used, as to the kinds manufactured, and as to what is customarily used for coal mining purposes. Such was time at the close of the plaintiff’s case, and the testimony relating to that subject was emphasized before the evidence was finally closed.

Another question involved in the challenge to the evidence is, perhaps, the most serious and difficult one in the case. Appellant contends that, under the evidence, the court should have held, as a matter of law, that respondent assumed the risk, and that the cause for that reason should have been taken from the jury and dismissed. It is urged that, although it is the duty of the master to provide a safe place for the servant to work, and to exercise reasonable care to furnish for his use materials which are not defective, yet, if a new danger arises during the progress of the work which is known to the servant and is not known to the master, it at once becomes the duty of the servant to inform the master of such new danger, and it then becomes the latter’s duty to investigate and remove it; that, if the servant fails to so inform the master and voluntarily goes into the presence of the danger, he thereby assumes the risk, and if injured he cannot recover.

The above stated legal proposition is undoubtedly correct, but the difficulty as to its application arises when we undertake to apply it to the facts of the given case. It is urged, that the respondent in the case at bar knew, and that appellant did not know, of the existence of this unexploded blast; that respondent knew that the fuse had been fired, and that the blast was liable to explode; that with such knowledge, he voluntarily went into the presence of the danger, and should be held to have assumed the risk.

Respondent testified that, although a miner of twenty-three years’ experience, yet he did not know of the defective character of this fuse. He had been working at this mine but a short time, and was engaged on his eleventh shift when injured. He said he had not been accustomed to the use of either kind of fuse hereinbefore described, but that what he called “squibs” had been used in mines where he had worked. He stated that he did not know of the danger of smouldering fire and delayed discharges from the fuse furnished by appellant. He admitted he had heard miners say that fuses had been known to carry fire for hours, and then cause explosions, but said he had never known such a thing to occur in his experience. Appellant therefore urges that respondent’s own admission shows that he had heard of such danger, and also that, as a miner accustomed to the use of explosives, he should have known that danger was probable, and should have guarded against it accordingly.

notwithstanding any lack of knowledge or experience on respondent’s part in the premises, he should doubtless be held to the same accountability as other persons in like surroundings assuming to discharge the class of work which he had undertaken. It is well known that the use of explosive materials is hazardous, and those using them must assume the danger that is merely and ordinarily incidental. But when conditions exist which are out of the ordinary, and when, by means thereof, one has been brought into the presence of an increased hazard, and of a danger not usual or ordinarily expected, we think the test as to whether he has assumed the risk must depend upon whether he has acted as an ordinarily prudent person would have done under similar circumstances. Perhaps no two accidents ever happened in exactly the same manner, and under the same circumstances; but the conditions are often very similar. Each case must depend upon its own facts and surroundings, but it is the intention of the law to apply the above stated general rule to the varying circumstances. Whether one has acted with the care of an ordinarily prudent person, under given surroundings, is a question of fact in each case. In a given case, the facts tending to show want of ordinary care may be such as to leave no room, in the minds of reasonable men, for difference of opinion. In such a case, the court should determine, as a matter of law, that recovery cannot be had. But in all other cases the fact becomes one for the jury to determine, and it is therefore ordinarily for the jury.

“It is well settled that where there is uncertainty as to the existence of either negligence or contributory negligence, the question is not one of law but of fact and to be settled by a jury, and this whether the uncertainty arises from a conflict in the testimony or because the facts being undisputed fair-minded men will honestly draw different conclusions from them.” Richmond etc. Co. v. Powers, 149 U. S. 43, 45, 13 Sup. Ct. 748, 37 L. Ed. 642.

See, also, Washington etc. Co. v. McDade, 135 U. S. 554, 10 Sup. Ct. 1044, 34 L. Ed. 235.

If respondent assumed the risk, then he was guilty of negligence which contributed to his-injury, the latter being included in the former. In this state contributory negligence is an affirmative defense, and the burden is upon the defendant to establish it. Spurrier v. Front St. Cable R. Co., 3 Wash. 659, 29 Pac. 346. It is, therefore, in rare cases only that the subject of contributory negligence should be withdrawn from the jury. McQuillan v. Seattle, 10 Wash. 464, 38 Pac. 1119, 45 Am. St. 799. See, also, collection of Washington cases, under the title of the last named case, in Remington’s Notes on Wash. Rep. p. 218.

We therefore think the questions of contributory negligence, and assumed risk were for the jury in this case. Evidence was before the jury as to the nature of the fuse used, as to the probability, from experience, of quick or delayed explosions, and as to the probable extinguishment of the fire after the lapse of time. It appeared from the evidence that it is the rule for an explosion to occur, or for the fire to be extinguished, before the lapse of as long a time as forty-five minutes. It is the exceptional condition when one or the other of these things does not occur within that space of time. It was therefore for the jury to say whether, under all the circumstances and under common experience in the use of fuse and blasts, as shown by the evidence, the respondent waited as long as an ordinarily prudent person under like surroundings would have done before going back into the mine. If he exercised that degree of care, then we think he cannot be said to have assumed the risk. He had the right to assume that the danger was passed after the lapse of such time as common experience, under similar circumstances, had taught was sufficient to remove the causes for danger.

Appellant seems to have proceeded at the trial upon the theory that the question of assumption of the risk in the case was purely one for the court. Ho instruction was therefore asked or given, directly calling the jury’s attention to this feature of a reasonable or sufficient lapse of time between the firing of the fuse and the return to the mine, as a fact upon which they should pass. Such an instruction, if requested, would doubtless have been given. We think, however, that the question was submitted to the jury by general instructions given, and that they must have passed upon that feature of the case. The court instructed that the degree of care which one is required to use, in order that he shall not be guilty of contributory negligence, is that same degree of care which the ordinarily careful and prudent person exercises under like circumstances to protect himself from danger. The jury were also instructed that, if one is injured by reason of certain negligence on the part of his employer, but, if he himself has heen guilty of some act or omission which has contributed proximately and directly to the cause of his injury, he cannot recover. These instructions comprehended the feature of contributory negligence in, returning to the mine too soon, and the jury must have passed upon that question in favor of respondent.

Tor all the foregoing reasons, we think, the court did not err in denying both the challenge to the evidence, and the motion for judgment, either at the time when first made, or when renewed at the close of the evidence. Other errors are assigned upon the introduction of testimony, and also concerning two instructions. We think the court correctly instructed the jury, and we do not find that prejudicial error was committed in connection with the introduction of testimony. We deem it unnecessary to prolong the discussion by taking up those matters in detail. The verdict in this case is large, hut no complaint is made in this court that it is excessive. We shall therefore not consider that matter.

The judgment is affirmed.

Dunbar and Mount, JJ., concur.