OPINION OF THE COURT
Thе action is for wrongful death and conscious pain and suffering, but the appeal relates exclusively to whether there was any line of reasoning which could support the jury’s damage verdict for conscious pain and suffering. The Appellate Division affirmed the trial cоurt’s order setting aside the pain and suffering award, with two Justices dissenting to uphold the jury verdict. We agree with the lower courts that plaintiff’s evidence here failed to meet the minimum legal threshold and affirm the order of the Appellate Division.
On the night of January 24, 1988, decedent was killed in a single-car accident when she lost control of her car, causing it to veer off a county road, flip over and come to rest upside down in a pond of water adjacent to the roadway. The Onondaga County Medical Examiner determined drowning and hypothermia as the causes of death. Decedent’s estate representatives sued the County. Liability was asserted based on the County’s failure tо provide adequate or proper design of the highway, adequate posting and lighting and maintenance of the roadway. The jury found thе County negligent in failing to install a guardrail beside the road and determined that decedent was 50% at fault. The jury awarded decedent’s estate $63,700 for the wrongful death pecuniary loss and $400,000 for her pain and suffering. On the County’s motion to set aside the verdict, the trial court granted judgment notwithstаnding the verdict and vacated the conscious pain and suffering award as a matter of law. The Appellate Division affirmed, stating that "[tjhere was no evidence presented by plaintiff at trial from which the jury could infer that decedent was conscious” (
Plaintiffs have the threshold burden of proving consciousness for at least some period of time following an accident in order to justify an award of damagеs for pain and suffering
(see, Fiederlein v New York City Health & Hosps. Corp.,
In this case, the record lacks evidence, circumstantial or otherwise, to demonstrate that decedent was conscious fоllowing the onset of her fatal accident. The undisputed evidence demonstrates that the decedent’s car was travelling over 45 m.р.h. when it spun out of control. The autopsy revealed a bruise on her scalp, which was consistent with a large dent found on the roof оf the car. Although there was an eyewitness to the inception of the accident, no testimony emerged that the decedent criеd out or made any noise in pain or in seeking aid following the accident. Police officers, who arrived at the scene within minutes aftеr the rollover accident, testified that the decedent was found fastened in her operable seat belt, with the ignition keys still engaged in the "on” position. The officers observed no scratch marks or other manifestations inside the car, which would indicate any attempt by dеcedent to extricate herself after the accident. When decedent’s body was recovered from the car and water, аpproximately 10 minutes after the accident, she had no vital signs. Resuscitation was attempted, but she never regained consciousness. The testimony of the officers and eyewitness to the accident, as a matter of law, provides no direct or circumstantial basis for a jury to conclude rationally that decedent was conscious after the rollover of the vehicle. The little evidence рresent is to the contrary.
The medical expert, plaintiff’s witness, also supplied inconclusive testimony on this key issue. On direct examinatiоn, the expert noted that decedent had sustained a bruise to her scalp. When asked whether decedent was conscious when shе was immersed in the water, the doctor replied, "I can’t say.” He added that he could not tell from examining the body whether decedent was conscious when and after she and the vehicle entered the water.
Based on this record, there is "mere conjecture, surmise оr speculation” and simply no evidentiary basis from which a rational jury could have found that the decedent was con-
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scious following the accident
(cf., Mirand v City of New York,
Gonzalez v New York City Hous. Auth.
(
Plaintiff additionally urges in support of this appeal that we apply the doctrine of "presumption of continuance” as a substitute for the proof of decedent’s consciousness after the accident. This argument, assuming the theory were to be adopted in circumstances such as these, would turn on record evidence that the decedent was conscious and driving just before the onset of the accident (see, Richardson, Evidence § 74 ¡Prince 10th ed]). This rule provides that "[p]roof of the existence of * * * a condition * * * at a given time raises a presumption that it continued for as long as is usual with things of that nature” (id.). The reаl significance and thrust of this broadly general rule comes from its specific application and in the kinds of situations and circumstancеs where it might be allowed.
In any event, in this case, the theory was not timely raised or advanced before the trial court, and thus is unpreservеd for the Court’s review. We therefore reject the argument for lack of preservation. We note, however, that no implicatiоns are intended and no inferences should be drawn as to how this Court would resolve the merits, pros and cons, of a proposed extеnsion and application of the so-called presumption of continuance into this conscious pain and suffering area оf the law. That would have to be weighed carefully in an appropriate case, because availability and application of the rule would affect long-standing and delicate burdens of proof and major risk and damage policy allocations
(compare, Noseworthy v City of New York,
*327 Acсordingly, the order of the Appellate Division should be affirmed, with costs.
Chief Judge Kaye and Judges Simons, Titone, Smith, Levine and Ciparick concur.
Order affirmed, with costs.