83 P. 89 | Cal. Ct. App. | 1905
Lead Opinion
Fantasia F. Culp, against whom the writ runs, and William H. Culp, were husband and wife, and the fruit of their marriage was one girl, now five years and seven months old, named Willa Norine Culp. The petitioner is the grandfather of the child, and seeks to get the custody of her through this writ. The said spouses were residents of Shawnee county in the state of Kansas. The said Fantasia F. Culp was plaintiff in a divorce proceeding against her husband in the Shawnee county district court of the third judicial district of the state of Kansas, which court granted her a divorce on the ground of habitual drunkenness of said William H. Culp, and also gave her the custody, education, nurture, control and care of said minor child. This decree was made April 4, 1904, and became final, so far as the divorce was concerned, under the laws of Kansas, on the fourth day of October, 1904. Under and in pursuance of this decree the said Fantasia F. Culp received the possession of said child in the state of Kansas on April 9, 1904, and ever since that date has had said child with her. Said decree contained no restrictions as to the residence of the child, or of its mother, and about October 9, 1904, said mother moved from the state of Kansas to this state, bringing the said minor child with her to Sacramento.
Upon some information, it is not stated what, but without petition therefor being filed, the judge of the said Kansas court made the following order: "Whereas, be it remembered, that on the twenty-eighth day of November, A.D. 1904, in the Shawnee county district court, third judicial district, state of Kansas, before the Hon. Z. T. Hazen, presiding justice, *72 it being at the September term, 1904, of said court, the following proceedings, among others, were had, to wit:Fantasia F. Culp, Plaintiff, v. William H. Culp, Defendant, No. 22,240. Now, on this 28th day of November, A.D. 1904, this cause came on to be heard on the court being advised that the minor child, named in the petition as Willa Norine Culp, had been removed from Shawnee county and from the jurisdiction of this court, and the court, being fully advised in the premises, does hereby order that the plaintiff, Fantasia F. Culp, shall on or before the 1st day of January, 1905, bring said child, Willa Norine Culp, into Shawnee county and within the jurisdiction of this court, and said plaintiff is hereby notified that, unless this order is complied with, another order will be made changing the custody of said child, and directing other parties to take said child and bring it within the jurisdiction of this court. Z. T. Hazen, Judge."
On the fifth day of January, 1905, the judge of said Kansas court made the following order, to wit: "Whereas, be it remembered, that on the fifth day of January, A.D. 1905, in the Shawnee county district court, third judicial district, state of Kansas, before the Hon. Z. T. Hazen, presiding judge, it being at the January term, 1905, of said court, the following proceedings, among others, were had, to wit: Fantasia F. Culp,Plaintiff, v. William H. Culp, Defendant. Now, on this fifth day of January, 1905, upon due and proper notice to the attorney for plaintiff herein, came on to be heard the application of the defendant herein for a modification of the judgment heretofore rendered in this cause on the fourth day of April, 1904, and the court finds: That contrary to the order, decree, and judgment of this court heretofore rendered the plaintiff herein, Fantasia F. Culp, has removed her daughter Willa Norine Culp, whose custody was by said judgment committed to her, the said plaintiff, from and out of the jurisdiction of this court subsequent to the rendition of said judgment. That said Fantasia F. Culp so removed said child in absolute violation of the order of this court, and with the purpose and intent of hindering and obstructing this court in the proper care and custody of said child. That the conduct of said Fantasia F. Culp since the rendition of said judgment in this case has been such that she is no longer a fit person to be intrusted with the custody and care of said *73 child. That the circumstances render it proper that the said order, committing the custody, control, education, and care of said child to the plaintiff herein, shall be modified and changed, and that C. H. Culp, the grandfather of said child, is a suitable person to be intrusted with her custody, control, care, and education. It is therefore ordered, adjudged, and decreed by the court that the said judgment heretofore rendered in this court on the fourth day of April, 1904, be, and the same is, hereby changed and modified in the following respects, to wit: That it be ordered, adjudged, and decreed that the custody, education, nurture, control, and care of the said Willa Norine Culp be, and the same is, hereby given to C. H. Culp, the grandfather of said child, Willa Norine Culp, and that the said plaintiff, Fantasia F. Culp, and the defendant herein, William H. Culp, either in person or by any agent, relative or representative, are, and each of them is, hereby enjoined from interfering with or disturbing said C. H. Culp in the custody, education, nurture, control, and care of said child, until the further orders of this court. And the said C. H. Culp is hereby empowered and directed to take into his possession the said child, Willa Norine Culp, and provide for its maintenance, education, nurture, and control, and to keep the same within the jurisdiction of this court, unless otherwise ordered by this court. Z. T. Hazen, Judge."
Then on the sixth day of March, 1905, the court made another order in the same matter, reciting the fact of making the order modifying the decree of April 4, 1904, and directing that the order of January 5, 1905, be "forthwith carried into effect," and further ordered: "It is therefore hereby ordered, adjudged, and decreed that to the end that said modified order, aforesaid, may be forthwith carried into effect, the sheriff of Shawnee county, Kan., forthwith proceed to take the said child, Willa N. Culp, into his custody, and that he thereupon deliver the said child over to the custody and keeping of the said C. H. Culp, her lawful custodian, according to said modified order, and that said sheriff make immediate return hereof. A. W. Dana, Judge."
The petitioner claims the recital in the judgment of January 5, 1905, "upon due and proper notice to the attorney for plaintiff herein," is a declaration of the court making such decree that notice was given, and that it conclusively establishes *74
the fact that said court had jurisdiction to make the decree. By an inspection of the judgment of April 4, 1904, by which Fantasia F. Culp was awarded the custody of the said minor, it is seen that nowhere therein is she commanded to remain within the state of Kansas, and no other order or judgment of said court is presented showing any such direction to her, and we therefore conclude none was made. The order of November 28, 1904, shows that the judge making such order knew she had departed from the state of Kansas, and knew, of course, that no personal service could be had on her. And in the order of January 5, 1905, which pretends to modify the original decree and give the child to its grandfather, there is no pretense that any other notice was given than to the attorney of plaintiff in the divorce proceedings. Section 645 of the Code of Kansas provides that, "When a divorce is granted, the court shall make provision for guardianship, custody, support and education of the minor children of the marriage, and may modify or change any order in this respect whenever circumstances render such change proper." It was held in Kendall v. Kendall,
Petitioner claims that as this is a collateral attack on the judgment of January 5, 1905, this court is not permitted to inquire into the question of the jurisdiction of the Kansas court to make it, or if such court had jurisdiction over the person of Fantasia F. Culp, for the reason that jurisdiction in that court must be presumed, and cites section 1, article IV, of the federal constitution, which provides that each state shall give full faith and credit to the judicial proceedings of a sister state. I do not question this authority, for even without this wholesome constitutional provision the comity of states of this Union requires that each should give full faith and credit to the judicial proceedings of the other. But how can the courts of this state give such faith and credit to the judicial proceedings of courts in other states until it is known that such courts have acted within the legitimate scope of their authority? It is true that, when the jurisdiction is free from attack, then the presumption that jurisdiction was acquired and that such courts have acted within the powers granted them is all-sufficient, and that the authorities all hold that way. If the state courts of Kansas, or of any other state, render an opinion or judgment they had no right or power to render, and it is attacked for want of jurisdiction, then neither the courts of that state nor of any other state are bound by it, and yet they give it all the credit and faith it is entitled to. And this rule is a reasonable one. Freeman on Judgments, section 565, lays down this rule: 'Courts of record are presumed to act only in accordance with the authority vested in them by law. Their judgments will generally be treated as conclusive on the parties until the absence of jurisdiction is affirmatively shown."
The petitioner here is asserting the validity and verity of the judgment of the court of Shawnee county, Kansas, made *76
January 5, 1905, and claiming under it to have the right here in this state to take this little girl of tender years from its mother, who has it by natural right, and by whatever force there is in the decree of the Kansas court, made April 4, 1904, and deliver it over to the grandfather; and it seems to me that, whatever may be said of the powers of this court under the writ of habeas corpus in such cases, this is an effort to enforce a foreign judgment in this court. At least the effect sought is the same. The mother is here resisting such enforcement upon the ground that the court in Kansas had no jurisdiction to make such judgment, it being a proceeding to compel her personally to perform a certain act, to wit, to turn her child over to another person, when she had no notice of the pendency of the application for such purpose — that is, to make such a judgment against her — and did not have her day in court. To maintain her position she seeks to show that the court of Kansas did not have jurisdiction to make such order. After the judgment of divorce became final she never submitted voluntarily to the jurisdiction of the Shawnee county court, and it is admitted that she never was served with notice thereafter, and that she, in fact, removed from the state of Kansas before the proceedings were instituted which led up to the judgment which she now assails. The general rule in such cases is that, if a party does not submit himself voluntarily, then, before the court can rightfully exercise jurisdiction over his person, it must be authorized to require him to appear before it and submit to its judgment in that action or proceeding, and the process requiring such appearance must be issued and served upon him in substantial compliance with the law, and the authority to serve is restricted to the territory of the state where issued, and the court has no power to require persons not within such territory to appear before it. In support of this doctrine I cite Freeman on Judgments (section 120a) as follows: "Therefore any personal judgment which a state court may render against one who did not voluntarily submit to its jurisdiction, and who is not a citizen of the state, nor served with process within its borders, no matter what the mode of service, is void, because the court had no jurisdiction over his person." A very strong case showing the right to assail a foreign judgment on the ground of the want of jurisdiction comes from *77
the supreme court of the state of Kansas. (Thorn v. Salmonson,
Petitioner in his argument claims that, if extrinsic evidence can be received to contradict the recital of notice in the Shawnee county court's judgment, then it must appear, first, that notice is necessary under the Kansas law, and, second, that no notice sufficient in the Kansas practice was given. The necessity of notice is answered in a Kansas case decided November 8, 1902. (Miles v. Miles,
As to the second contention, that no notice was given sufficient in the Kansas practice: The judgment says service was had on the attorney. The deposition of H. G. Larimer, who was the attorney of respondent in the divorce proceedings, was taken. He says: "The day before she left here she called upon me to bid me good-by, and said in leaving, 'If any trouble comes up here in this case, I will want you to look after it for me.' To that extent I represent her still." He was asked as follows: "State whether any notice was ever *79 given to you of said application to modify the judgment aforesaid, rendered on the fourth day of April, 1904, in said action." To which he answered: "No notice of any such application was ever given to me, either verbally or in writing. The practice in our court is that the attorneys, who are making application or asking for orders, either, shall serve a notice upon the opposing attorney, when, the same is published in the 'Legal News,' a paper published in the city of Topeka. Through neither source did I ever have any notice of any such application." Mr. Larimer states further in his deposition that in a conversation with Judge Hazen, who made the modifying order, which conversation was held between the 1st and the 15th of October, 1904, Judge Hazen said: "If the Culps make any application ordering the child brought back here, I will grant it. I will turn the child over to them." Mr. Larimer never heard anything more of the application or the order, until the latter part of March, 1905, and declares again in his deposition that no notice of any kind was ever served on him, and that he was not in the courtroom when the order was made. The deposition of A. M. Harvey, who was the attorney for C. H. Culp, and who drew up the order of January 5, 1905, was taken, and he says he filed no application for the modification of the judgment of April 4, 1904, and that he has no personal knowledge of any notice having been given to the attorney, Larimer. Had there been any notice served upon Mr. Larimer, who would know better than Mr. Harvey, who was acting for petitioner? It appears that all the service of any kind in these proceedings was that the judge had said to him that, if the Culps applied for an order, he would make it; and in the light of Mr. Larimer's testimony, uncontradicted as it is, and supported by the testimony of Mr. Harvey, this must be the service the judge had in mind when he directed the recital in the judgment. This was no service at all, and no notice that any application had been filed or would be heard on January 5, 1905, or on any other day. It therefore follows, it seems to me, that the courts of Kansas have established the rule that, when a domestic or foreign judgment is assailed on the ground of want of jurisdiction, as this is here, the party assailing it may prove by extrinsic evidence the want of jurisdiction. Such courts have also established the doctrine *80 that the application to modify a decree awarding the custody of minor children in a divorce proceeding must be noticed to the party to be bound. The fact appears in the case at bar that there was no service of notice, and no notice at all, given to anyone of the application to modify, and that the judgment made thereunder has no binding effect on the said Fantasia F. Culp, assailed as it is, either in Kansas or here.
Neither the rule of comity, supposed to exist between sister states, nor provisions of the federal constitution requiring each state to give full faith and credit to the judicial proceedings of a sister state, warrants this court in saying, under the attack and showing made as to jurisdiction, that, because the said judgment recites that notice was given, the jurisdiction of the Shawnee county district court is conclusively established and cannot be inquired into. But this whole question of whether or not the jurisdiction of a foreign judgment can be inquired into was determined by the United States supreme court in the case of Thompson v. Whitman, 18 Wall. 457, where that court said, in substance, that the record of a judgment rendered in another state may be contradicted as to the facts necessary to give the court jurisdiction, and, if it be shown that such facts did not exist, the record will be a nullity, notwithstanding it may recite they did exist. This has been followed in every case rendered by the United States supreme court since that time, when the question was involved, and is the leading authority on that point in the United States. Coming now to the decisions in our own state: There are a number holding that jurisdiction may be assailed, but the citation of the leading case I deem sufficient. This is In reJames,
"Sec. 1915. The effect of the judgment of any other tribunal of a foreign country having jurisdiction to pronounce the judgment, is as follows: (1) In case of a judgment against a specific thing, the judgment is conclusive upon the title to the thing. (2) In case of a judgment against a person, the judgment is presumptive evidence of a right as between the parties and their successors in interest by a subsequent title, *82 and can only be repelled by evidence of a want of jurisdiction, want of notice to the party, collusion, fraud, or clear mistake of law or fact."
It will thus be seen that, when a foreign judgment is assailed, its recitals are but presumptions which may be overcome by extrinsic evidence showing such recitals of jurisdiction to be untrue. But as if this was not enough the code further provides:
"Sec. 1916. Any judicial record may be impeached by evidence of a want of jurisdiction in the court or judicial officer, of collusion between the parties, or of fraud in the party offering the record, in respect to the proceedings."
The further citation of authorities seems useless.
The writ is dismissed.
Chipman, P. J., concurred.
Concurrence Opinion
I concur in the order dismissing the writ, and in the conclusions voiced in the main opinion touching jurisdiction and the right of this court to inquire into such jurisdiction. But I am unwilling, by silence, to lend implied consent to the proposition that the judgment relied upon as conclusive of petitioner's right to the custody of this child could, under any state of facts, be enforced in this state through the medium of a writ of habeas corpus. This is exactly what petitioner seeks to accomplish by this proceeding. He insists that this court has no alternative, but must execute said judgment by granting his petition, because the federal constitution and laws require that full effect must be given to judgments rendered in a sister state. Granting his premise, the conclusion does not follow.
Judgments rendered in Kansas have no extraterritorial effect as judgments. (Cole v. Cunningham,
But, waiving this rule, which seems conclusive of the question before us, and giving this judgment all the effect *84
claimed for it, by the most ultra authority supporting it, as evidence, in the courts of another state, we are forced to the conclusion that, even in a direct proceeding to obtain a judgment thereon, the courts of this state would be at liberty to disregard it. It cannot be claimed that it must be given greater effect here than in Kansas. It could be modified there whenever circumstances rendered such change proper. (Dassler's Kan. Gen. Stats. 1901, sec. 5138.) It is as inconclusive here as there. It would be open to inquiry and change in that state, and it is no more sacred in this. (In re King,
Habeas corpus has its legitimate and time-honored scope, and so peculiar is the purpose, nature, and dignity of this writ that it cannot be coupled with other remedies without creating confusion. Even an enlightened and commendable desire to abolish useless forms cannot be carried to the extent of making every writ an agency to right every wrong and vindicate every right without obliterating distinctions designed to prevent confusion and chaos. This is illustrated in the record and briefs before us. The petition and return both show that a similar application was heard and denied by the superior court of Sacramento county. It is argued by the attorneys for Mrs. Culp that the decision of Judge Shields is final, while the attorneys for the petitioner contend that it has no binding force whatever in this or any other court. The authorities generally seem to hold that such decisions are res judicata. (Freeman on Judgments, sec. 324; Church on Habeas Corpus, sec. 387; Spelling on Extraordinary Relief, sec. 1152.) But under our practice repeated applications for a writ of habeas corpus may be made, and it is at least doubtful whether an appeal from the decision of the learned judge of the superior court would lie. This is hardly reconcilable with the theory of finality, and points a reason why this proceeding is peculiarly inappropriate and inadequate to the determination of such questions under the practice in this state. If this remedy may be invoked, then the supplemental inquiry and adjudication is a necessary corollary under all the authorities sanctioning such practice. If the decision rendered on this supplemental hearing be not final, then the equitable powers of a court can be invoked, and its decision will count for nothing, even in the eyes of the person who sought and was denied its aid. Under our system the petitioner cannot be prevented from making repeated applications. He may, perchance, be dissatisfied with the decision of this court, and, *86 if so, he may apply to another department of the superior court of Sacramento county, or to the supreme court, for relief denied him here. But, if this be the rule, how fares the other party to this proceeding? Compelled to submit to repeated inquiries involving her character and fitness to retain the custody of her child, the first adverse decision will send her out of the court without child, without appeal, and justly without confidence in the theory that all stand equal before the law. This is not fair or just. It cannot be the law. It might be said that she, in turn, could resort to repeated applications of the same nature; but, if this be admitted, it furnishes an unanswerable argument against such a practice. In my opinion the petitioner should be compelled to seek relief through ordinary legal channels, because the writ of habeascorpus is inappropriate and inadequate to the proper consideration and final adjustment of important questions and rights here involved.
I am also unwilling that the decision in which I concur shall, under any circumstances, be considered as implied authority sustaining the doctrine that the district court of Shawnee county, Kansas, retains jurisdiction of this child during her minority, regardless of her presence within or absence from that state. There can be no question that during the time occupied by the proceedings leading to the modified judgment this minor and her mother were in California. The modified judgment shows on its face that the minor was not within the jurisdiction of the court. A decree of this kind can only be made, or continue operative, while the child "remains within the jurisdiction." (Cooley's Constitutional Limitations, p. 584; De La Montanya v. De La Montanya,
*87
It may be said that this prohibition is implied from the power to modify the judgment. But, if implications are to be indulged, it is equally as reasonable to construe section 5138 of Dassler's General Statutes of 1901, as permitting such modification at any time while the minor remained within the jurisdiction. We have seen that most of our courts, including those of Kansas, recognize the rule that other courts may consult the welfare of the child, regardless of judgments rendered in another jurisdiction. This rule is irreconcilably in conflict with the idea that the child may not be removed from the state, and that the jurisdiction is continuing and extraterritorial. *88