23 Ark. 684 | Ark. | 1861
delivered the opinion of the court.
This case has been twice here before, on writs of error prosecuted by the State. See 6 Eng. R. 642; 20 Ark. 209.
After the last remanding of the cause, there was a third' trial, judgment in favor of the State, and appeal by the defendants: who have brought up the whole record, and complain of alleged errors of the court, in passing upon questions of law arising upon the pleadings prior to both writs of error, but’of-which the State did not complain, the points having been determined in her favor;
1. A demurrer to the declaration, interposed hy Crow, was overruled. • ■ ■ . ' \
The suit was brought in the name of the State, for the use of Wm. Brown and Bailey Bean, upon the official bond of James TT. Crow, as sheriff of Clark county.
Crow, the principal, and James Sloan and Abner E. Thornton, sureties in the bond, were the defendants in the suit.
The special breach of the bond assigned in the declaration, is set out in the report of the case in 6 Eng. R. 643. The gravamen of the action is that an execution, issued by the clerk of the Ouachita Circuit Court, upon .the transcript of the judgment of a justice of the peace, against the steamboat Areadelphia, came to the hands of Crow to be executed — he seized the boat and advertised her for sale; at the instance of Brown and Bean, her joint owners, she was appraised at $1,000, and when offered for sale, failing to bring two-thirds of her appraised value, Crow refused to reserve her from sale, but sold her for $125.
It was assigned as cause of demurrer to the declaration, that the owners of the boat were not entitled to have her appraised and reserved from sale if she failed to bring two-thirds of her appraised value. In other words, that the appraisement act did not apply to executions against steamboats.
The act (Acts of 1840, p. 58,) in terms, applied generally, and without exception, in all cases where an execution was levied on property, real or personal. No distinctioh is made in the act between executions issued upon judgments in personam, and executions issued upon judgments m rem; and we know of no good reason why the court should or could make any such distinction.
It was assigned as a farther cause of demurrer to the declaration, that it was not averred that any bond was tendered to Crow for the delivery of the boat at the expiration of twelve months — the period of the stay prescribed by the act.
If the [property did not bring two-thirds of its appraised value, it was made the duty of the officer to reserve it from sale, and return the writ, etc. The lien of the execution was not thereby released, but the creditor had the right, at the end of twelve months from the return, to sue out another writ, and sell the property, without appraisement (secs. 4 cmd 5.) The 6th section provides: “that until the sale thereof, the property levied upon shall remain in the hands of the owner or claimant thereof, •mike, same ma/rmcr as is now prescribed by Imo.'”
The reservation of the property from sale, on its failure to sell for two-thirds of its appraised value, was not made to depend upon the giving of a bond by the owner, for its delivery at the expiration of the stay. The duty of the officer to reserve it from sale was imperative. If the owner failed or refused to execute a delivery bond, the officer should have retained the property in his custody until the time of sale, as in ordinary cases, under existing laws, where personal property is levied on, and no delivery bond given.
The above are the only causes of demurrer urged by the counsel for the appellants, and there is less plausibility in the other causes assigned than in the causes discussed.
2. The demurrer of Crow to the declaration was overruled at the September term, 1847. At the March term, 1852, he filed a plea of limitation, which, on motion of the State, the court struck out, as having been filed out of time, and he excepted.
The granting of permission to file pleas out of time, is a matter within the sound legal discretion of the court; and we find nothing in the record to induce the belief that the discretion of the court was-abused, in striking out the plea filed by Crow after so much delay. See State vs. Jennings, etc., 5 Eng. R., 442.
3. The court sustained a demurrer to the 4th plea, interposed by Sloan and Thornton, which alleged:
That said McConnel [the plaintiff in the execution under which the boat was sold,] did not cause a transcript of the judgment and proceedings had in said justice’s court, to be filed in the clerk’s office of the Circuit Court of Ouachita county, in manner and form as alleged, etc.
When the case was first here (6 Eng. 640,) this court held, in effect, as we understand the decision, that the execution being upon its face regular, and Crow having undertaken to execute it, he and his securities were liable for its abuse, whether it was founded upon a valid judgment or not; and consequently, that it would have been sufficient for the plaintiff, in assigning the breach, to have set out the process — that it was not necessary to allege the recovery oí the judgment before the justice, etc.; but the plaintiff having done so, as a part of the description of the cause of action, the allegation became material and traversable, and necessary to be proven substantially, though not strictly.
Eegarding this decision as the law of the case, it applies with full force to the allegation in the breach that a transcript oí the judgment was filed in the office of the clerk of- the Circuit Court, without which the clerk has nothing to base an execution upon.
In other words, if, as held by the court, the allegation of the recovery of the judgment was material and traversable, the allegation of the filing of the transcript in the office- of the clerk was also material and traversable, for the latter allegation is as -much a part of. the description of the cause of action as. the former:-and the recovery of the judgment was not more essential to the issuance oí the execution by the clerk, than the filing of the transcript of the judgment in Ms office, for, as above mentioned, until the transcript was filed, he had nothing to base the execution upon, and no authority to issue one.
The allegation being material and traversable, it follows that the plea denying it was not demurrable; and that the court erred in sustaing. a demurrer thereto.
4. The court also sustained a demurrer to the 9th pléa filed by Sloan and Thornton, which alleged:
That said Brown , and Bean did not request said sheriff to reserve..said .boat, etc., from sale, in manner and form as in said :decaration-alleged, etc.
The owners of the boat having claimed the benefit of the appraisement act;. and the sheriff having caused it to be appraised,.and it-failing, when offered for sale by him, to, bring, two-thirds of its appraised value, the law made it his duty to reserve the boat from sale, whether requested so to do by the owner or not. The allegation in the declaration that Brown'and Bean requested (or ordered) Crow to reserve the boat from sale, was, therefore, mere surplusage, immaterial and not traversable ; and the court did not err in sustaining the demurrer to the plea denying it.
5. The court below sustained a demurrer to Sloan and Thornton’s second and third rejoinders to plaintiff’s replication to their first plea.
The first plea was, that the cause of action did not accrue at any time within two years next before the commencement of the suit.
The plaintiff replied, in substance, that she commenced a suit for the same identical cause of action, as; in the declaration mentioned, in the Clark Circuit Court, against Crow, and tho other defendants, within two years from the time the cause of action accrued, to-wit: on the 3d of January, 1846, and that at the March term of said Circuit Court, 1847, she recovered judgment in said suit against said defendants; and. they caused said judgment to be arrested, set aside and held for naught, at the same term, etc.; and that she commenced this suit,, which is for the same identical cause of action, and upon the same writing obligatory, as that upon which judgment was recovered and arrested at the March term of said court, as aforesaid, within one year after said judgment was arrested, to-wit: on the 31st day of May, 1847, etc.
The second rejoinder alleged, in substance, that the said action, commenced and prosecuted as in said replication is alleged, was misconceived, the same being an action on the case, ex delicto, and not an action of debt, etc.
The third rejomder alleged, in substance, that the said other action mentioned in said replication as having been commenced and prosecuted as therein alleged, was an action in the name of the State, who sued therein for the use and benefit of ¥m. Brown, sr., without this that the said action was an action in the name of the State for the use of ¥m; Brown, sr., and Baily Bean, etc.
See. 27, chap. 106, Gould’s Dig., tide Limitations, provides that: “ If any action shall be commenced within the times respectively prescribed in this act, and the plaintiff therein suffer a non-suit, or after a verdict for him, the judgment be arrested, or after judgment for him, the same be reversed on appeal or writ of error, such plaintiff may commence a new action, from time to time, within one year after such non-suit suffered, or-judgment arrested or reversed; and if the cause of action survive or descend to his heirs, or survive to his executors or - administrators, they may, in like manner, commence a new action within the time herein allowed to such plaintiffP
Sheriff’s bonds are made payable to the State. Dig., ¿harp. 160, see. 2.
See. 15, ¿harp. 127, Dig., provides that: “In all cases, where by the laws of this State, any person is authorized to prosecute a suit to his own use, on any official bond, he shall sue in the name of the State, or other obligee named in the bond, stating in the process, pleadings, proceedings and record in such action, thatthe same is brought for the use of the person suing.”
And section 21, of the same chapter, provides : “ Every suit brought on such offieial bond to the use of the party aggrieved, and every judgment thereon, shall be deemed the private suit and judgment of the relator, in the same marmer as if he were the nominal plaintiff, and such relator shall be liable for costs as other plaintiffs.”
Before passing upon the sufficiency of the rejoinders, it may be remarked that the replication to the plea of limitation was bad. It avers a suit by the State, against defendants, on the same cause of action, before the bar attached, judgment arrested, and present suit within a year, etc., but it does not allege that the first suit was brought for the use of Brown and Bean, the joint owners of the steamboat, for whose use and benefit the present action was brought.
It may be stated in general terms, that to prevent, the cause of action from being barred, by the operation of the 27th section of the limitation act, above copied, the parties to the first suit, or their legal representatives, or privies in estate, title or interest, should be parties to the second suit. Ingraham et al. vs. Regan, 23 Miss. 224. Hence, a former suit in the name of -the State, simply, on Crow’s official bond, would not prevent the statute from running against the present suit, brought in the name of the State for the use of Brown and Bean, who are the parties com-' plaining of the official misconduct of the sheriff; and who are to be regarded, under sections 15 and 21, of chop. 127, Dig., as the real plaintiffs in the action, the State being but nominally a party.
If the replication had been good, the second- rejoinder, alleging that the first action was misconceived, being an action on the case ex delicto, instead of debt, would havé been an insufficient answer to the replication. "Where the parties to the two actions are in legal effect the same, and the cause of action the same, an error in the form of the first action is within the mischief intended to be remedied by the 27th section of the limitation act — such error being cause for arresting the judgment. See Young vs. Devis, 30 Ala. 213.
Was the third rejoinder good ? Brown and Beam were the joint owners of the steamboat Arkadelphia, and they were the parties jointly injured by the trespass of the sheriff, Crow, in selling the boat without authority. The first suit was brought, the rejoinder alleged, in the name of the State for the use of Brown, and not for the use of Brown and Bean.
In legal effect, under the 15th and 21st sections of chap 127, Dig., the first suit was brought by Brown, one of the- joint owners of the boat, and the present suit was brought’by Brown and Bean, both of the parties in interest.
When the present suit was commenced, the cause of action was barred as to Bean, who had never sued before, but was not barred as to Brown, who brought the former suit.- But the action being barred as to one plaintiff, must fail as’ to both, for in a suit like this, they must share a common fate. Both must have the legal right to recover, or both must fail.
Of this result Brown has no cause to complain, because he must have known, as well when the first suit was brought as when this suit was, commenced, that Bean was his partner in the ownership 'of the boat, if such was the fact. Nor has Bean any right to complain at the result, because he should have seen that a suit was commenced for his benefit within the period of limitation prescribed by the statute.
This case does not fall within the point decided in Biscoe, et al. vs. Madden as ad., 17 Ark. 541, as supposed by the counsel for appellee. There the first suit was brought by the surviving original trustees of the Beal Estate Bank, and the second suit was brought by the residuary trustees, who were also original trustees, and the court specially remarked upon the fact that the plaintiffs in the second suit were also plaintiffs in the first, although some of the persons who were plaintiffs in the first suit were not plaintiffs in the second. So in James et al. vs. Biscoe et al., 5 Eng. 184.
If Brown and Bean and other persons had been plaintiffs in the first suit, then the present suit, brought by Brown and Bean only, would have been similar, in principle, to the cases cited.
It has been held that where several persons are defendants to the first suit, and but one of them defendant-in the second, the first suit was effectual to prevent the bar as to him, because he was a party to both suits. State Bank vs. Gray, 7 Eng. 760; State Bank vs. Roddy, ib. 776; State Bank vs. Davis, ib. 768.
But where the first suit is against one of two persons jointly liable, and the second suit is against both of them, the first action is of no avail to prevent the running of the statute in favor of the person not made a defendant to that suit. See State Bank. vs. Sherrill, 7 Eng. 186; Mann vs. Pattingale, 7 Harris, Penn. 313; Hopkins vs. McPherson, 2 Bay 194; Gray vs. Trapnall et al., ante.
To bold that Brown could prevent the running of the statute, both as to himself and Bean, by bringing an ineffectual suit, for his use alone, within the period of limitation, would be giving a latitudinous construction to the 27th section of the limitation act, not warranted by previous adjudications of this court, nor sustained by the decisions of other courts, upon similar statutes, so far as they have fallen under our observation. Williams vs. Council, 4 Jones, 210; Moody vs. Threlkeld, 13 Georgia R. 60; Ingraham et al. vs. Regan, 23 Miss., 224; Angel on Lim., 350.
It follows that the judgment of the court below upon the demurrers to the 2d and 3d rejoinders to the plaintiff’s replication to the plea of limitation should have been in favor of defendants Sloan and Thornton, who filed the plea, because the 3d rejoinder, though not good, was a sufficient answer to a bad replication.
6. The plaintiff, on the trial, moved the court to give the jury five instructions, four of which the court gave, against the objections of defendants, which are as follows:
■“ 1. If the jury believe from the evidence, that the facts stated in the declaration are substantially proven, they must find for the plaintiff, on the issues before them.
“2. If the jury find for the plaintiff, in assessing her damages they are to ascertain the actual value of the steamboat, her machinery, etc., at the time of the sale under the execution ; and to calculate interest on the amount thereof at the rate of six per cent, per annum, from the date of the commencement of this suit till the present time — and the aggregate of the said value and interest is the measure of the plaintiff’s damages — and that in ascertaining the value of said steamboat, the jury are not to confine themselves solely to her value as a steamboat in the Ouachita river, but are to ascertain from the evidence her actual value, or the actual value of her materials and machinery to Brown and Bean.
“ 3. If the jury believe from the evidence that the plaintiff in this suit brought her action against the defendants herein within two years after the canse of action therein complained of accrued, that plaintiff recovered judgment therein; that said judgment was, by the court, arrested; that the .present suit was instituted within one year after such arrest, and that the malfeasance complained of in the present action is the identical malfeasance complained of in the said first suit; that these facts, if pro,ven, defeat the defendants’ plea of the statute of limitations of two years.
“4.- That if the jury believe from the evidence that Smith, as. sheriff, seized the steamboat in controversy, and delivered the same to defendant Crow, as sheriff pro tempore, and that Crow, as such sheriff pro tempore, advertised said steamboat under the levy made by Smith, that these facts, if proven, constitute a seizure in law by the defendant Crow.”
The defendants moved the court to give the. jury three instructions, the first and third of which the court gave, but refused the second, which is as follows :
“ 2d. In case the jury find in favor of the plaintiff, they must assess her damages at the value solely of the steamboat ArkadeT phia, as a steamboat.”
The only objection made by the counsel for the appellants to the. first instruction given for the appellee, goes to the sufficiency of the declaration, and not to the form or substance of the instruction. The objection is, that the appraisement act was not applicable to the ¿xecution against the boat, and therefore Crow was not obliged to reserve it from sale. This objection we have settled against the appellants in considering Crow’s demurrer to the declaration.
The jury were not legally obliged to give the appellee interest as such, upon the value of the boat, at six per cent, from the time of the commencement of the suit, as the court, in effect, told them in the second instruction moved by appellee.
In Watkins vs. Wassell, 20 Ark., 420, this court held that, “in this State, interest can only be recovered upon contracts for the payment of money, in the cases specified in the statute, leaving the recovery thereof in those cases where the liability is tortious in its character, to be governed by the general principles of the law applicable to them.”
In this case, though the suit is debt upon the sheriff’s bond, the gravamen of the action is that he abused' the process in his hands in selling the boat, when it was his duty, under the appraisement act, to reserve it from sale for twelve months, and consequently he was a trespasser.
In such cases the jury may, in their discretion, allow interest upon the value of the property, from the time of the illegal sale, as part of the damages; for when the owner of property is wrongfully deprived of it, the jury may think it unjust that its value should be withheld from him for years without compensation. Sedgwick on Damages, 385, and authorities cited. The increase of damages, by way of giving such compensation, is to be left to the discretion of the jury, upon the peculiar facts and circumstances of each case. The second instruction was erroneous in not properly submitting the matter to the discretion of the jury. ’
The first rejoinder of Sloan and Thornton to appellee’s replication to their plea of limitation, was, that no such action was commenced and prosecuted, etc., and the third instruction given for appellee was intended, we suppose, to apply to the issue thus formed. No objection is perceived to the instruction, if the replication had been good, and had not been otherwise met than by the first rejoinder, but, as we have above shown, the replication was not only bad, but was well answered by the third rejoinder, to which the court improperly sustained a demurrer; hence, the finding of the jury in favor of the appellee on the issue formed by the third rejoinder to the replication, was unavailing.
The gravamen of the action being that the boat was illegally sold, and not that she was illegally seized or levied upon, the fourth instruction appears to relate to an immaterial matter, but jt is not perceived that the appellants could have been legally prejudiced by it.
The court did not err in refusing the second instruction asked by appellants.
Assuming it to have been proven that at the time the boat was sold, she was lying up as v/nHverworihy, or not in a condition to run as a steamboat, still as property, for some purposes; she was no doubt of some value to her owners, and they were entitled to recover that value, by way of damages, for tho tortious sale, if their case had been, otherwise, well made out by appropriate pleading, and sufficient proof, though she was described as a steamboat in the declaration. But in ascertaining her value, the jury, of course, would take into consideration any thing in evidence that detracted from, or deteriorated her value as a steamboat, or as property to be used by the owners for other purposes.
For the error of the court in giving that portion of the second vnst/rucUon moved by appellee,' which relates to interest, the appellants were entitled to a new trial, as it tended to deprive the jury of the right to exercise that discretion in the matter, which we have shown, above, belongs to them.
7. For Thornton and Sloan a motion in arrest of judgment was filed, on the ground that Bean, one of the parties for whose use the suit was brought, had departed this life several years before the term at which the judgment was rendered. The motion was supported by the affidavits of Crow, and another person, who was not a party to the suit.
The death of Bean, being a matter dehors the record, was not technically a matter in arrest of judgment; but if the court was satisfied that the affidavits were true, it should have set aside the judgment, and rendered a judgment, upon the verdict, for the use of Brown, as surviving owner of the boat, reciting the death of Bean.
8. At the next term of the court, Brown, having given notice to the opposing parties, applied to the court to amend the judgment by striking out the name of Bean, on the ground that he was dead when the judgment was rendered. The court refused so to amend the judgment, and Brown, in the name of the State, appealed. The defendants having previously appealed from the judgment, the two appeals were consolidated.
Though there is a precedent for such an amendment in Newnham et al. vs. Law, 5 Term R. (D. & E.,) 577, yet we do not deem it necessary to give any decided opinion upon the matter, inasmuch as the judgment must be reversed, for the errors above indicated, and when the cause is remanded, the court below can make the proper entry in relation to the death of Bean.
The judgment for costs here will be against Brown, as survivor, both parties concurring in the fact, that Bean died before judgment below.
