46 N.H. 454 | N.H. | 1866
The demandant maintains that, inasmuch as Chase Crockett died without children, or lineal descendants answering to the term of "lawful heirs,” in the sense of that term as used in the will, the intention of the testator was that upon the death of Chase Crockett, the estate ip all the 1 and should vest in the persons who were the lawful' heirs of Joshua Crockett at the time of his death. To reach this result we must read the will to mean that during the joint lives of Joshua and Chase Crockett they should have an estate in common; for the farm is to be equally divided between them, which, even without the aid of our statute, would clearly imply an’estate in common, and not in joint tenancy; and it is also tobe equally divided, not among, but between, their heirs ; which would evidently mean, taking the whole clause together, that the heirs of Joshua and Chase Crockett were not to take per capita, but that the heirs of each were to take one half. That, upon the death of one tenant in common, the survivor should hold all the land till his death. That, on the death of the survivor, if they both left lawful heirs at the time of their decease, the land should be equally divided between the lawful heirs of both. That, if one died without lawful heirs, the lawful heirs of the other should, on the death of the survivor, take all. That if, as happened in fact, the survivor died without lawful heirs, the whole should go to those who were the lawful heirs of fhe tenant that died first at the time of his decease. That if both died without lawful heirs, the children Sarah Crockett had by Thomas Rawlins should on the death of the survivor take-the whole farm.
This construction involves such complication and intricacy of disposition, as we find it impossible to suppose the testator could have contemplated when he employed the language of this will.
On this part of the case the other view of the testator’s intention is that each of the two sons should take an undivided half of the farm for life; that if he left lawful heirs, his half should go to them, if not, to the children Sarah Crockett had by Thomas Rawlins. This is plain and simple, and so far as we can perceive, no way unreasonable or unnatural. Nor by this construction is any violence done to the language of the will. The land is given to Joshua and _Chase Crockett and their lawful heirs; the term their heirs is taken distributively, as is often done in like cases; that is to say, the heirs of each take his share. '.This is precisely what is done under our statute when a conveyance is made to two or more and their heirs ; the estate is a tenancy in common, and the heirs of each take his share. Rev. Stat. ch. 129, sec. 2.
It may be noted, that, by the will, if the two sons leave no lawful heirs, the farm is to be equally divided between the children of Sarah Crockett; from which an argument might be drawn that the whole farm was intended to go to her children upon such failure of lawful heirs as ayas contemplated by the will, and not one half of it upon the death of
According to this intention of the devisor, on the death of Joshua Crockett his half would go to his lawful heirs, and the half of Chase Crockett on his death to the children of Sarah Crockett. Taking this view of the case we may lay the devise to Chase Crockett out of the inquiry, unless perhaps the general language of the devise may be supposed to assist in explaining the further intentions of the testator. The devise in question will then read substantially as follows : "I give one undivided half of the farm to Joshua Crockett, and, if he have any lawful heirs at the time of his decease, to such heirs; but if he have no lawful heirs at the time of his decease, I give his half to the children Sarah Crockett had by Thomas Rawlins.”
If this were to be regarded as a devise to certain persons who were the lawful heirs of Joshua Crockett, and they took directly as purchasers from the devisor, and there had been nothing to qualify the devise to them, they would take a fee simple under our statute. Comp. Stat. 400, sec. 4. But it is plain that this ivas not the testator’s intention, and that by lawful heirs” he did not mean the heirs general of Joshua Crockett, because the children of his daughter Sarah, to whom the remainder is limited, would, in default of others, be the lawful heirs of their uncle Joshua. The term lawful heirs must therefore be restricted in construction to his heirs in the line of descent.
On looking at the different provisions of this will we are easily led to the conclusion that the actual intention of the testator was to give Joshua and Chase Crockett an estate for life only, and that he did not intend they should have power to dispose of the inheritance.
The demandant contends that, by the term lawful heirs, the testator meant children of Joshua and Chase Crockett as a personal designation ; not the children that they had at the time when the will was made ; for in the express language of the will the lawful heirs were to be such as they might have at the time of their decease.
The words "heirs or lawful heirs” used in a will must be construed in their legal and ordinary sense unless other provisions of the will show that the testator meant other persons than those who would be heirs in the legal sense. There may be qualifying words which show that the word heirs in a will was used to designate certain persons who would take as purchasers and not as heirs of the first taker. But in such case, to have that effect, the qualifying words must describe an estate descend-able in a different course and to different persons as special heirs from what the first term would carry the estate to. The term must be read as a mere designation of one or more individuals, or anew import given to it by superadded or engrafted words of limitation varying its sense and operation in order to make it a word of purchase. It must appear
It is plain that the testator had not in his mind any particular individuals, whom he meant to designate by the name of lawful heirs, for the lawful heirs were to be such as Joshua and Chase Crockett might have at the time of their decease, and it is stated by the plaintiff’s counsel in argument, though not found by the case, that neither Joshua or Chase Crockett had any child prior to the death of the testator. And we find it. quite impossible to suppose that in using the term "lawful heirs” the testator meant children in such an exclusive sense as should shut out a grandchild, whose parents were dead, and who would be in fact and in law one of the lawful heirs of his or her grandfather in the right line of descent. Suppose that Joshua Crockett had an only son and only child, who died in the life time of his father, leaving children, who would in that case be the lawful heirs in the line of descent of their grandfather: the proposition must be regarded as too extravagant for serious discussion, that, by the term lawful heirs, the most appropriate general term to include such grandchildren, the testator meant to exclude them. Suppose, again, that Joshua Crockett had left children and also children of a child who was dead, and who would thus be lawful heirs of Joshua Crockett, and answer exactly to the description in the will, it would hardly be contended, that, in using a term which plainly included them, the testator meant to cut off such of the heirs of Joshua Crockett as were his grandchildren. The presumption is so strong against an intention to cut off grandchildren, who are children of a deceased child, that even where the word "children” alone is used, there are numerous cases in which it has been held that grandchildren would be included and take the share of a deceased child. 2 Jarman, 37, 69, 73. If, for instance, Sarah Crockett had a grandchild by a child of Thomas Rawlins, but no child living, on the authority of these cases, the grandchild would take under the term "children” used in this will.
If, therefore, we are to understand that the testator, by the term "lawful heirs,” meant to designate such persons as should be the lawful heirs of Joshua Crockett at the time of his death, we must suppose that he meant to include all persons who were such heirs in the line of descent, whether children or the representatives of deceased children. The grandchildren, whose parent was dead, would be lawful heirs, and were intended to take under the will, and the intention must have been that they should take the share of their deceased parent. For they would be lawful heirs to what? Clearly to the share of their deceased parent. Such is the legal and ordinary import of the term "lawful heirs,” and
The rule in Shelley’s Case was adopted in this State as part of the common law and remained in force here till, as to devises, it was abolished by statute in 1843; Comp. Stat. 400, sec. 5; Dennett v. Dennett, 40 N. H. 505; and the main question in the present case is whether that rule applies to these provisions of Joshua Crockett’s will, who died in 1815.
By that rule where an estate is limited for life to a person and the same instrument contains a limitation of an estate of the same legal or equitable quality to the heirs of the same person, or the heirs of his body, the word heirs is a word of limitation and not of purchase, and the whole estate of inheritance, whether a fee simple or fee tail, vests in the ancestor. Shelley’s Case, 1 Rep. 93, 104; 2 Jarman on Wills, 241; 1 Preston on Estates, 263, 419.
In the construction of wills the question whether this rule applies does not depend on the technical language used, but on the nature of the estates created and disposed of. Though the word "heirs” is used, yet, if looking to the whole will, it appears that the testator by that term intended to designate certain persons different from the legal heirs of the first taker, or that the persons, who might be his heirs, should take a different estate from that' which they would take as his heirs by descent, the rule does not apply. And, on the other hand, the rule cannot be evaded, if an estate is in fact to go to the first taker for life and then to his heirs, who take as a class and transmit the estate in the line of descent. 4 Kent, 221, 274; Bowers v. Porter, 4 Pick. 198, 193, 205; 2 Jarman on Wills, 241, 247; 2 Cruise, 296.
In the construction, which, after careful consideration we have given to this will, the intention of the testator was that an estate in one undivided half of the land should go to Joshua Crockett for his life, and then to his heirs in the line of descent as a class ; that is to say, the persons who might be his heirs in the line of descent Avere intended to take the same estates respectively that they would take as his heirs by descent; that under the term "lawful heirs” must be included the Avhole heritable blood of Joshua Crockett, and we find the actual intention of the testator to have been that Joshua Crockett should take an estate for his life only, and should have no poAver to dispose of the inheritance. It is upon a devise of such intended operation that Ave are called on to decide whether Joshua Crockett took an estate of inheritance or for life only-
In determining whether the rule in Shelley’s Case shall apply, it is not material to inquire what the intention of the testator Avas as to the quantity of estate that should vest in the first taker. If the limitation Avere to A for life, remainder to his heirs in fee simple, Avithout other qualifying Avords, the actual intention would undoubtedly be that A should take an estate for life only and have no poAver to dispose of the remainder in fee, and negative words saying that A should take for life only Avould add nothing to the clearness of the first words. The material inquiry is, What is taken under the second devise? If those, who
In Bowers v. Porter, 4 Pick. 198, cited for the plaintiff, the effect of this rulé is stated thus : "By the rule laid down in Shelley's Case, which is now an undisputed part of the common law, however manifest xnay be the intention of the testator to give only a life estate to his, daughter, if by the same instrument he devise the remainder to her heirs generally, -after her decease, the daughter shall take a fee; that is, her heirs shall take by descent and not by purchase, the whole estate being in her so that she can alienate or devise it at pleasure; for although the testator intended to deprive her of the power of alienation, yet as it was clearly his intention to vest the whole estate in her and her heirs, the policy of the law will prohibit this restriction upon the right of alienation.” And, in Brandt v. Gelston, 2 Johns. Cases, 384, 389, Kent, J., says : "It being once ascertained that the grantor did not use the word heirs for any particular persons, in that instance inaptly denominated 'heirs,’ but intended by it, as nomen collectivism, the line of inheritable succession, then I agree that the rule in Shelley's Gase aj)plies with irresistible control.”
By the term "lawful heirs” used in this Will, we have been unable to find that the testator intended to designate any different persons from those who should be the heirs of the body of Joshua Crockett at the time of his death; we think that the intended limitation would carry the estate to the heirs of the body of Joshua Crockett as a class including all his heritable blood; that the actual intention of the testator was to give an estate in an undivided half of the land to Joshua Crockett for life, remainder to the heirs of his body, and that by the well-established and now familiar interpretation of the rule in Shelley's Gase, an estate of inheritance, contrary to the intention of the testator, vested in Joshua Crockett.
Whether the estate of Joshua Crockett was regarded as an estate in fee simple or in tail, his deed barred all remainders and reversions under our statute. Rev. Stat. ch. 129, sec. 1. Estates tail, however, were abolished when this will was made, and Joshua Crockett took an estate in fee simple. Jewell v. Warner, 35 N. H. 176.
We shall not undertake the task of commenting on all the numerous authorities cited by the counsel on both sides, but content ourselves with making a few remarks on some of those which appear to have been most relied on by the plaintiff.
In Ellis v. The Essex Merrimack Bridge, 2 Pick. 247, the court
In Bowers v. Porter, 4 Pick. 198, the testator gave the improvement of the land in question to Lydia Bowers, and provided that the premises should be equally divided between all her heirs at her decease, and it was held that by virtue of the statute of 1791, ch. 60, sec. 3, Lydia Bowers took an estate for life only, and that her children living at the testator’s.death took a vested remainder. In delivering the opinion of the court, Parher, C. J., says: "The principle seems to be clearly settled that although a testator may evidently have intended to give only a life estate to his first devisee, yet if it also clearly appears that he intended a remainder either in fee or in tail should at all events go to the heirs, sons, or children of the tenant for life, his particular intention shall give way to that which is more general, and the estate under the devise shall be held accordingly. The case before us is of a nature to be governed by this principle. The testator devised to Lydia Bowers an estate in land, which at her death was to be equally divided among all her heirs. This was merely providing for such a distribution as would take place under our laws, if he had by express terms given a fee to his daughter. But he intended without doubt to restrain her from alienating it by deed or devise ; this, the policy of the law will not allow, but by the principles of the common law the whole estate would vest in Lydia Bowers ; and this would be the state of the case, but for the statute of this Commonwealth of 1791, ch. 60.”
It thus appears that this case of Bowers v. Parker was decided "by virtue” of the Massachusetts statute which abolished the rule in Shelley’s Case, and under that rule the estate of inheritance, it is clear, would have been held to have vested in Lydia Bowers. Certainly that case cannot be regarded as an authority for the plaintiff upon the question whether the rule in Shelley’s Case applies to the devise which we are considering; on the contrary it would seem to be strongly in point the other way.
In Wight v. Baury, 7 Cush. 105, the devise was to the daughter of the devisor for life, and then to her child or children lawfully begotten, their heirs and assigns forever, and if he should leave no child, then to be equally divided among the grandchildren of the devisor. The will in this case was made and proved before the statute of 1791, and while the rule in Shelley’s Case was in force there. But the intention was quite plain to break the line of descent, because, if the daughter left no child, the land was to go to the devisor’s children, who might or might not be heirs of her daughter, and the remainder was limited to the children and not to the heirs of the first taker. It may be observed that all the eases cited from Massachusetts, except this of Wight v. Baury, were upon the construction of devises made after their statute of
In Smith et ux v. Chapman, 1 Hen. & Mumf. 240, decided in 1807, the devise was to William Carr, the devisor’s son, during his natural life, and after his decease to his child or children, and if he had none, to John Carr and Betsy Tebbs for life, and then to be equally divided between their children. The case appears to have turned on the distinction between the word "heirs” or "issue,” and the word "child or children” used in that will. Tuclcer, Judge, says : "The counsel contend that as the words issue and children both mean the same thing in a natural sense, they are to be taken as meaning the same thing also in a technical sense, and hence infer that whenever an ancestor takes an estate in freehold, and in the same will there is a limitation over to his children, the children shall not take as purchasers. I have not met with a case where in a devise by way of remainder the word children had the same sense applied to it as heirs of the body; that is, designating them as takers of an estate of inheritance. Here the analogy between the words issue and children seems to fail. There is not in the whole will a single technical word that I can discover. The word children, therefore, is to be taken in its natural sense, and cannot be strained to mean heirs.”
The attempt in Smith v. Chapman was to give the word children in the devise the same meaning and effect as the word "heirs” or "issue;” and it appears to have been agreed on all-hands, that, if the word heirs had been used, as in the present case, instead of the word children, an estate of inheritance would have vested in the first taker by operation of the rule in Shelley’s Case.
Judgment for the defendant.
