Crenshaw v. Moore

124 Tenn. 528 | Tenn. | 1911

Mr. Justice Lansden

delivered the opinion of the Court.

William R. Moore died in Shelby county testate, and his widow, Mrs. Charlotte Blood Moore,, dissented from his will. Such proceedings were had in the county court of Shelby county that she was assigned a year’s support, to the value of $20,000, and dower of one-third of his real estate. The complainant brought this suit to collect from her an inheritance or succession tax on both her year’s support and dower, nnder the act of 1893 (Shannon’s Code, section 724), as amended by chapter 479 of the Acts of 1909.

The act of 1893 imposed a tax upon “all estates, real, personal, and mixed, of every kind whatsoever, situated within this State, whether the person or persons dying seized thereof be domiciled within or out of this State, passing from any person who may die seized or possessed of such estates, either by will or under the intestate laws of this State, or any part of snch estate or estates, or interest therein, transferred by deed, grant, bargain, gift, or sale, made in contemplation of death, or intended to take effect in possession or enjoyment after the death of the grantor or bargainor,” passing to collateral kindred of the owner; and section 20, ch. 479, Acts of 1909, provided “that inheriances not taxed under the present laws shall pay a tax as follows: All inheritances of $5,000 and over, but less than $20,000, a tax of one per centum of their value. All inheritances of $20,000 and over, a tax of one and one-fourth per centum of their value, to be collected by the county clerk of each county.”

This is a privilege tax imposed on the right of acquiring property by succession. State v. Alston, 94 Tenn., 674, 30 S. W., 750, 28 L. R. A., 178; Knox v. Emerson, 123 Tenn., 409, 131 S. W., 972. Likewise it is a special tax, and the rule is that laws imposing such taxes are to be construed strictly against the government, and favorably to the taxpayer. English v. Crenshaw, 120 Tenn., 531, 110 S. W., 210, 17 L. R. A. (N. S.), 753, 127 Am. St. Rep., 1025.

The widow’s year’s support is given her by statutory provision, which is found in sections 4020 and 4021 of Shannon’s Code. It is inconceivable that the legislature intended to le-vy the tax in question upon this bounty of the widow, given her by the law out of her husband’s personal estate. She does not succeed to the husband’s title to the property set apart to her as a year’s support, but acquires it adversely to bis administrator by virtue of "the statute. By tbe act of separation of tbe personalty assigned to ber by tbe commissioners, and tbe subsequent confirmation of tbeir report by tbe court, tbe title to tbe specific property thus set apart becomes absolutely vested in tbe widow. Tbe obvious intention of tbe legislature in passing this statute was to provide a temporary support for ber and ber family immediately on tbe death of ber husband. It is an extension by law of her- right of support out of tbe personal estate of ber husband for one year after bis death, and. is founded in a sound public policy, which has for its purpose a conservation'of tbe family upon tbe death of tbe husband. The widow does not succeed to tbe right of tbe husband, nor does she take tbe property under tbe intestate laws of this State. It is a special provision made for ber in thé law for tbe support of herself and ber family. Bayless v. Bayless, 4 Cold., 363; Railway Co. v. Kennedy, 90 Tenn., 185, 16 S. W., 113.

,. Nor do we think that tbe widow’s dower is subject to this.tax. By tbe common law, if a husband acquire an estate which is subject to descend to bis heirs, tbe wife, at tbe same'time tbe husband acquires bis title, has vested in her tbe right of dower; and although tbe bus-band aliened tbe estate, tbe wife’s dower would attach. By tbe acts of 1784 and 1823, carried into Shannon’s Code at section 4139, tbe widow is dowable in one-third part of all the lands of which ber husband died seized and possessed, or of which be was equitable owner. In all other respects, the widow’s right of dower in this State is the same as it was at common law. It has the ■same qualities as the common-law right of dower, bnt its quantity was cut down by the statutes referred to. This right originates with the marriage. It is an incum-brance upon the title of the heir at law, and is superior to the claims of the husband’s creditors. Its origin is so ancient that neither Coke nor Blackstone can trace it, and it is as “widespread as' the Christian religion' and .enters into the contract of marriage among all Christians.”

“By a fiction of law, the estate in dower relates to the marriage. It is adjudged in Fulwood’s Case, 4 Co., 65, that the widow shall hold her dower discharged from all judgments, leases, mortgages, or other incumbrances made by her husband after the marriage, because her title, being consummated by his death, has relation to the time of the marriage, and, of course, is prior to all other titles. She claims by and through her husband, has the oldest title, is under him for the valuable consideration of marriage, the best respected in the law, and cannot be disturbed by any other claiming under the husband.” Combs v. Young, 4 Yerg., 226, 26 Am. Dec., 225.

The preamble to the act of 1784, which was the first passed in this State reducing the quantity of the widow’s dower estate*, recites, • in substance, that the dower allotted by law in lands for widows, in the then unimproved state of the country, was a very inadequate provision for the support of such widows; that it was only just and reasonable that those who, by their prudence, economy, and industry had contributed to raise up an estate to their husbands, should be entitled to share in it — thus showing that the legislature recognized that the widow’s dower under this act had the same origin and was of the same quality as her dower existing at common law.

So, it is seen that, whether it be considered that the widow holds her dower in the nature of a purchaser from her. husband by virtue of the marriage contract, or whether it be merely a provision of the law made for her benefit, it cannot be considered that her right is in succession to that of her husband upon his death, or that the husband bestows it upon her in contemplation of death. While it is true that her right to dower is not consummated until the death of the husband, and that it is carved out of only such realty as he owned at at his death, it does not follow from this premise that the widow succeeds to his title by the intestate laws. She derives it by virtue of the marriage, and in her right as wife to be consummated in. severalty to her . upon the death of her husband. Boyer v. Boyer, 1 Cold., 14.

The supreme court of Illinois, in Billings v. People, 189 Ill., 472, 59 N. E., 798, 59 L. R. A., 807, upon a construction of the inheritance tax law of that State, together with the laws governing the descent and distribution of the property of persons lying intestate reached a different conclusion from that reached by us. The rea-soiling of that court is predicated chiefly upon a construction of the’statutes of that State, which are essentially different from those of this State. It is stated, however, that, while the husband cannot deprive his wife of her inchoate right of dower, the State may, and that she does not hold by contract, but holds by laws which the State may change. Without undertaking to meet all of the arguments set forth in support of this very able opinion, we are content to hold that, under a proper construction of the statute in question, the legislature did not intend to tax the widow’s dower as an inheritance from the estate of her husband, or a succession to his rights therein. As stated heretofore, she does not inherit from her husband, but derives her right by virtue of her marriage, which is consummated upon her husband’s death, and becomes an incumbrance upon the inheritance of the heirs at law, and is, to that extent, an interest adverse to the inheritance from the husband. Por the same reason she does not succeed to the rights of the husband. Her dower is intended for her support and maintenance, and an intention to tax it will.not be imputed to the legislature, except where the language employed makes it plainly imperative to do so.

Billings v. People, supra, is the only case cited by counsel which discusses the question at issue in any way, and no case is cited discussing the liability of the widow’s year’s support for the tax involved here. But, upon reason, we are content to hold that neither the year’s support nor dower is subject to the tax. It re: suits that the decree of the court below is affirmed, with costs.