75 Va. 430 | Va. | 1881
The decisions of this court have established a wide distinction between the effect of a demurrer to evidence and a motion for a new trial, founded upon a certificate of the evidence. In the latter case, the exceptor waves all his own testimony, which is merely oral, and must succeed, if at all, by showing that the verdict of the jury is erroneous upon the testimony of the successful party. Upon a demurrer to the evidence, the demurrant is considered as admitting the truth of his adversary’s evidence, and all just inferences which might properly be drawn therefrom by a jury. He is also considered as waiving all his own evidence which conflicts with that of his adversary, and all inferences from such evidence which do not necessarily result therefrom. Richmond and Danville Railroad Company v. Anderson’s Adin’r, 31 Gratt. 812; 4 Minor’s Ins., part 1st, 749. It is obvious that a demurrer to evidence is often a very hazardous proceeding, resulting in a decision different from that which might have been arrived at by a jury. In the case before us the plaintiffs, having demurred to the evidence of the defendant, must submit to the operation .and effect of the rule just established.
Applying this rule in the present instance, it appears "that, in the year 1826, Peter Creekmur conveyed the land in controversy to his brother Ephraim Creekmur for the .alleged consideration of five hundred dollars, the receipt of which was acknowledged in the deed.
It would seem, however, that this sale was purely a fictitious one, probably to evade the payment of debts. This conclusion is much strengthened by the fact that Ephraim Creekmur, the grantee, a few days afterwards, conveyed the land to Joseph Creekmur, a son of Peter Creekmur, at the
His descendants are the plaintiffs in this suit. Peter Creekmur resided upon the land in controversy at the time of the conveyance to his son, and continued to reside upon it down to the day of his death in 1873. During all this time, a period of nearly fifty years, he claimed to be the owner of the land in fee, and he exercised over it acts of dominion and ownership, open, notorious and adverse to all the world. In the language of one of the witnesses, fully sustained by the others, “he enclosed the land with a fence, ditched and otherwise improved the same, built barns and other out-houses, kept in repair the older ones, and continued up to the period of his death annually to improve and cultivate the land.” Joseph Creekmur was fully apprized of the claim of title on the part of his father. He not only acquiesced in it, but recognized it, and acted upon it, for as far back as 1847; he leased from his father a part of the land and paid rent for it, and on various occasions he bought timber growing upon it, for his business as cabinet-maker, and paid for it. In 1843, about the time and after he attained his majority, he made an effort to have some ditching done upon the land. His right to do so was denied by Peter Creekmur, who told him the land was his property, and not that of the son; that he intended to control it during his life, and to dispose of it as he pleased at his death. He said to his son, “ You know it is my land, and not yours,” and closed the interview by indignantly ordering the son from the premises. It does not appear that the
The facts proved—facts incontrovertible—show an actual, continued, adversary possession of the land in controversy by Peter Creekmur, with claim of title on his part for forty-seven years, known to and acquiesced in by Joseph Creekmur for thirty years after he attained his majority, or at least until the period of his death, and by his descendants after that time. If there be a case in which the grantor may claim by adversary possession against the grantee, this is such a case.
Statutes of limitation are statutes of repose, and they would be of little advantage if they protected those only who could otherwise show an indefeasible title; their operation and effect are to mature a wrong into a right by cutting off the remedy, to shut out all inquiry into the merits of the case, and to award the title to him who has had the possession for the length of time prescribed by the statute. Tyler on Ejectment, 860, 861: Humbert v. Trinity Church, 24 Wend. R. 587, 604.
There is a class of cases which hold that a party who enters into possession in acknowledged subserviency to the title of the true owner, cannot by any act of his impart to his possession an adversary character. Before asserting a title in himself, he must first surrender the premises, and place the owner in the same conditions in which he stood before the possession was taken under his title. A very strong leaning in favor of this doctrine was manifested in
The only distinction between this class of cases and those in which no privity existed, is in the degree of proof required to establish the adverse character of the possession. The rule now is that where possession is originally taken, or held under the true owner, a clear, positive and continued disclaimer and disavowal of title and the assertion of an adverse right, to be brought home to the knowledge of the party, are indispensable before any foundation can be laid for the operation of the statute of limitations. The statute does not begin to operate until the possession, before in privity with the title of the true owner, becomes tortuous and wrongful by the disloyal acts of the occupying tenant, which must be open, continued and notorious, so as to preclude every doubt as to the character of the holding or the fact of knowledge on the part of the owner. .
Subject to these plain qualifications there can be no reasonable objection to the law of adversary possession as applied to parties occupying fiduciary relations. Zeller’s Lessee v. Eckert, 4 How. U. S. R. 289, 296; Tyler on Ejectment, 876-7. See Angell on Limitations, 478-486.
That the present case is directly within the influence of these principles is too obvious to require comment. The facts already adverted to exhibit every feature, every requisite, of an adversary possession imposed by the strictest rules of law in all this class of cases. It may also be remarked that Peter Creekmur never acquired the possession under any contract with the grantee. He was already in possession, and never relinquished it. That possession was never transferred in contemplation of law to the bar
It has been said, however^ that to constitute an adversary possession, there must be color of title, which Peter Creekmur never had after the execution of the deed by him to Ephraim Creekmur, his brother. This objection, if made at all in the cases already adverted to, does not seem to have prevailed in any of them. It may be that both parties treating the conveyance as invalid, the grantor, for all the purposes of an adversary possession, was considered as holding under his original title.
It is impossible to say with any degree of accuracy what is color of title. Upon this subject there is hopeless confusion, as well as irreconcilable diversity of opinion. Color of title has sometimes been held to be that which in appearance is title without being in reality so. Again, it has been held that it matters not how defective the title may be, whether the occupant makes color under a written or a parol contract, or even under no contract at all. Tyler on Eject. 863-4; McCall v. Neely, 3 Watts R. 69, 72. Without attempting now to describe “ color of title,” it may be perhaps sufficient to say its effect is to fix the character of the occupant’s possession, and to define its extent and limits. As a general rule, the possession of one who has a colorable title is co-extensive with the boundaries of his deed, or other instrument under which he claims, in the absence of any actual possession by the true owner. Whereas the possession of one entering and holding under a mere claim of title is necessarily confined to the land in actual occupation.
It was said by Cowen, J., in the case of Humbert v. Trinity
In Virginia when a person having a colorable title enters upon a vacant possession, claiming title to the whole tract, his possession is co-extensive with his boundaries. Where he enters without color of title, his possession is necessarily confined to his enclosures. If he is not a mere squatter, but a bona fide claimant of the land, to the exclusion of all other parties, paying taxes upon the same, exercising acts of dominion over it as tenant of the freehold, he thereby disseizes the true owner, and acquires an adversary possession to the extent of his actual occupation, which, if continued for the period of the statutory limitation, will ripen into a title, and bar the claim of the real owner. Whether this be called color of title, or color and claim of title, is a matter of no sort of importance, for the owner is disseized by the invasion of his boundaries and the occupation of his property accompanied by an adverse claim of title. His “right of action has accrued,” and by the express terms of the statute, he must assert his right of recovery within the period prescribed by the statute. This is the doctrine of the supreme court of Ohio, whose statute of limitation is almost identical with our own. Lessee of Paine v. Skinner, 8 Ohio R. 159; Humphries v. Huffman, 33 Ohio R. 395, 403.
But we have an authority on this subject much nearer home. In Kincheloe v. Tracewells, 11 Gratt. 587, 605, Judge Lee said: “An entry by one upon land in possession, actual or constructive, of another, in order to operate as an ouster and gain a possession to the party entering, must be accompanied by a claim of title. But it is not indispensable that the claim should be ostensible in the form of a deed or any other writing. The claim from its nature and character-may be wholly independent of any written evidence. 2s or, if the party have a deed or other writing with a specified boundary, is the possession which he may take, and hold necessarily restricted to what shall prove to be within the precise boundary. He may take and may hold actual possession of land lying outside his true boundary. "Whether he has done so in any particular case, is a question of fact and intention.” From this it will be seen that, according to Judge Lee’s opinion, an entry to operate as an ouster must be accompanied with claim of title, which may be wholly independent of any writing. The claimant may, indeed, go outside of his boundary, and acquire adversary possession of land not included in his colorable title. Whether he does acquire such adversary possession or not is a question of fact and intention to be decided by the jury.
In the present instance, it is very clear that Peter Creekmur, regarding his deed as inoperative, considered himself as holding under his original title. Under that title the land was assessed and charged to him upon the commissioner’s books, from 1826 to the time of his death in 1873, and during all that time the taxes were paid by him as owner and proprietor. It seems to me, that according to the strictest rules of interpretation, this constitutes color of title, for color of title is received in evidence for the-purpose of showing that possession is adverse. It has been
It is, however, not necessary to rest the decision upon this latter ground exclusively, although I think it might be done with entire safety.
Upon the whole case, I think the defendant would have been justly entitled to a verdict at the hands of a jury; and upon a demurrer to evidence, he is entitled to the same decision from the court. The judgment of the circuit court must, therefore, be reversed, and a judgment entered for-the defendant.
Anderson and Burks, J’s, concurred in the opinion o£' Staples, J.
Christian, J., concurred in the judgment.
Judgment reversed.