181 Mo. App. 235 | Mo. Ct. App. | 1914
Jennie Crandall sued Robert R. Greeves for slander in the utterance of the following words: “I can prove that Jennie Crandall has gone over to El Crawford’s and has staid days and nights with El Crawford alone when no one was there. She has no character, or as to character she has none.” The petition contained an innuendo to the effect that said Greeves by said words intended to and did charge her with lewd, immoral and unchaste conduct and relations with said El Crawford, and that said words, were so understood by the hearers.
The answer was a general denial coupled with a specific denial of the precise words charged. It was also alleged that whatever words were spoken were uttered in good faith and without actual malice, and did not cause any damage to complainant’s good name for the reason that her reputation for chastity and virtue was bad.
After a'trial and disagreement of the jury in Ralls county, a change of venue was taken to Randolph county where a second trial resulted in a verdict in Mrs. Crandall’s favor for $500 actual and $1000 punitive damages. A motion for new trial was filed and at the hearing thereof the trial court intimated that the punitive damages were excessive and a remittitur of $500 of the punitive damages was entered. Whereupon the court overruled the motion for new trial and rendered
The words are plain and unambiguous, and when falsely and maliciously uttered are slanderous per se. They are capable of but one meaning. They accuse a woman of going to a man’s house and staying with him days and nights alone when no one was there, and announce, as a conclusion from such conduct, that she has no character. This can mean but one thing — an accusation of unchastity against the woman. Such a charge, made falsely and maliciously in any manner whatsoever, is slanderous per se under section 5424, Revised Statutes 1909. The charge does not have to be made in the bald and unvarnished terms of fornication or adultery. If the words used are sufficient to carry the plain and unmistakable meaning that the person against whom they are uttered is guilty of unchastity, they are slanderous. [25 Cyc. 319; Vanloon v. Vanloon, 159 Mo. App. 255; Jones v. Banner, 172 Mo. App. l. c. 139.]
It was, therefore, unnecessary to offer the testimony of the witness Utterback to show that he understood the language as charging the woman with unchastity. But, while this evidence was unnecessary, it does not follow that its admission constitutes reversible error. Since the words themselves, as matter of law, charg’e unchastity, the evidence that the witness so understood them could not affect the issue nor prejudice the jury. Where the language is unambiguous and the words are actionable per se, an innuendo is unnecessary, and, if one is used limiting the meaning of the words, it may.be disregarded. [Callahan v. Ingram, 122 Mo. 355; Michael v. Matheis, 77 Mo. App. 556.] The evidence of the witness Utterback that he understood the words to charge unchastity was no more than the construction placed upon them by the law, and was, therefore, the construction the jury was
Complaint is made because the witness Settle was allowed to state that he had heard nothing in the neighborhood derogatory to Mrs. Crandall’s character prior to his hearing Greeves utter his charge against her. The error, if there be any, cannot be effective to invalidate the judgment. Another witness had so testified without objection. [Lindsay v. Kansas City, 195 Mo. l. c. 181.] Again, the objection made to this part of Settle’s testimony was only that it was “immaterial.” The objection was therefore no objection, not being specific enough. [Stevens v. Knights of Modern Maccabees, 153 Mo. App. 198; Fuller v. Robinson, 230 Mo. l. c. 56.] While it was perhaps not technically proper at the time it was given, yet the evidence was not absolutely and wholly immaterial. Bad reputation had been set up in the answer. The witness Settle had known Mrs. Crandall in that neighborhood for fifteen years. That he had never heard anything derogatory to her character prior to the slander was, therefore, not wholly immaterial since it bore on her reputation.
It is contended that the trial court erred in permitting the notes of the stenographer, who took the deposition of William Shoemyer, to be read to the jury as his testimony. Shoemyer, at the time of the trial, was dead and his deposition was lost. Proof was first made that prior to the change of venue, and while the case was still pending in the Ralls circuit court, Shoemyer’s deposition was regularly and duly taken in the proper manner and form before a notary public and by him transmitted in the usual way to the clerk of that court, who filed it as a record in the case; that after that, in some way it was lost; that Shoemyer was dead; that at the taking of his deposition both sides appeared find the witness was examined; that his testimony was taken in shorthand by Miss Yallie Utterback, official
Over the objection of the plaintiff in error, Mrs. Crandall was asked as to the changed relations of the people toward her. Evidence of this character is not admissible except only for the purpose of showing a loss of business or professional earnings following the publication of a slander or libel. And when offered for this purpose there must be some testimony from which it appears, or from which it can be reasonably and naturally inferred that the changed relations were caused by the slander or libel complained of. If this is absent, the admission of such evidence is erroneous and highly prejudicial. [Kiersting v. White, 107 Mo. App. 265, l. c. 282, 287.] Most of the evidence as to changed relations, referred to a change having taken place in January while the alleged slander was uttered February 20. The prior changed relations could not have resulted from a subsequent slander. The only proof of the slander as charged was made by the witness Robert L. Utterback who testified to the words charged in the petition having been uttered at a funeral on February 20,1910. A slander is not sustained by proof of different words even though they mean the same thing, but enough of the same words must be proved to make out the charge. [Parsons v. Henry, 177 Mo. App. 329, l. c. 333, 164 S. W. 241, l. c. 243.] Consequently, evidence of changed relations prior to this time should not have been admitted even if the case were such as would have made them otherwise admissible. It is not clear from the record whether some of the changed relations referred to were observed after the time of the alleged slander or not, but if they were, there was no showing that the persons manifesting such change-had heard the slander and were actuated by it. Under
A number of witnesses testified to the bad reputation of Mrs. Crandall. On cross-examination they were repeatedly asked if they ever saw her commit an immoral act. This was objected to, and the objection overruled. An examination of the record shows that these questions were not asked merely to test the soundness or the basis of the witness’ opinion as to the bad reputation, but were asked over and over of each witness in such way as to necessarily avoid the issue raised by the testimony of such witnesses. That issue was not whether the witnesses themselves knew of any specific acts to which they could testify, but what was the general estimate in which Mrs. Crandall was held by the people of the neighborhood. The inevitable effect of such cross-examination was to avoid that issue and render the evidence of bad reputation of no value in the minds of the jury merely because the witnesses could not testify to any specific acts of immorality. That this result was attained is shown in the fact that
There are other errors complained of but it is unnecessary to notice them since they.can be avoided upon a retrial of the case. For the error in the admission of the testimony as to changed relations above mentioned the case is reversed and remanded for a new trial.