Crain v. Smith
22 S.W.3d 58
Tex. App.
2000
Check Treatment

OPINION

J. BONNER DORSEY, Justice.

This is аn appeal of a summary judgment. Ray Crain, appellant, prepared and recorded mechanic’s and materialmen’s hens for his client, Airtron, Inc. Crain is not an attorney or a licensed real estate broker. The defendants in the underlying suit, appellees here, attorney Candice C. Smith (Smith) and Lamm & Smith, P.C. (the law firm), rеpresented the owner of the property upon which Airtron placed the liens. Smith began investigating Crain and the services he provided to Airtron. Upon discovering that Crain prepared and recorded the lien on behalf of Airtron, Smith did two things.

First, she spoke with Jeff Lehmann, the Chair of the Unauthorized Practice of Law Committee of the State Bar of Texas, and reported what she had discovered about Crain and her conclusion that Crain was practicing law without a license in Texas. Next, she wrote a letter to Mr. T. Lee Ramsey, Jr., an attorney who represented Airtron. In this letter, she advised Mr. Ramsey of what she had discovеred about Crain, and that she had spoken with Leh-mann at the Committee, and that charges were pending against Crain for the unauthorized practice of law. Also in the letter, Smith demanded that Ramsey’s client, Airtron, pay her client’s damages resulting from the filing of the lien.

Crain filed suit against Smith, the law firm and Lehmann, alleging libel and slander. Lehmann was eventually dismissed, as summary judgment that Crain take nothing against him was granted in his favor. Crain amended his cause of action to include claims for fraud, negligence, gross negligence, civil conspiracy, tortious interference with actual and/or prospective contractual relationships, tortiоus interference with actual and/or prospective business relationships, and punitive damages. Still, the facts upon which he bases all causes of action remain the same as they relate to Smith and the law firm. He complains of (1) the phone call to the Unauthorized Practice of Law Committeе Chair and (2) the letter to Airtron’s counsel.

Smith and the law firm moved for summary judgment on grounds that as to all causes of action pled by Crain: (1) the oral statements that Smith made to Lehmann when she called to report Crain’s suspected unauthorized practice of law cannot form the basis of tort liability because of the immunity bestowed by Texas Government Code § 81.106, and (2) the written statements that Smith made to Airtron’s attorney are privileged as communications made in the course of a judicial proceeding. Smith’s summary judgment evidence consisted of her own affidavit and the assertions of fact made by Crain in his amended petition.

Standard of Review

We review the granting of summary judgment to determine whether the summary judgment proof establishes as a matter of law that there is no genuine issue of material fact as to one or more of the essential elements of the plaintiff’s cause of action or whether the defendant has established all elements of his affirmаtive defense. Walker v. Harris, 924 S.W.2d 875, 377 (Tex.1996); Gibbs v. General Motors Carp., 450 S.W.2d 827, 828 (Tex.1970); Cantu v. Holiday Inns, Inc., 910 S.W.2d 113, 114-15 (Tex.App.—Corpus Christi 1995, writ denied). In deciding the motion for summary judgment, all evidence favorable to the non-movant will be taken as true and all reasonable inferences must be indulged in favor of the non-movant. Nixon v. Mr. Property Management Co., 690 S.W.2d 546, 548-49 (Tex. *60 1985). A defendant moving for summary judgment on an affirmative defense has the burden to conclusively establish thаt defense. Velsicol Chem. Corp. v. Winograd, 956 S.W.2d 529, 530 (Tex.1997).

Here the defendants/appellees are relying on the affirmative defense of absolute privilege; that is, regardless of the falsity of their statements or their malice in uttering them, they will not support a cause of action. Because privilege is a defense, appellees had the burden to establish it as a matter of law.

Both of the communications made the subject of this action — the complaint to the chairman of the Unauthorized Practice of Law Committee and the letter ‍‌‌​‌​‌‌​​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​‌​​‌‌​​‌‌​​​​​‌‌‌​‌‌‌​‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌‍to Crain’s client — are claimed to be protected by the same absolute privilege in that they werе both made in the course of a judicial proceeding.

Immunity for Reporting to Unauthorized Practice of Law Committee

Section 81.106 of the government code provides:

(a) The unauthorized practice of law committee, any member of the committee, or any person to whom the committee has delegated authority and who is assisting the committеe is not liable for any damages for an act or omission in the course of the official duties of the committee.
(b) A complainant or a witness in a proceeding before the committee or before a person to whom the committee has delegated authority and who is assisting the committee has the same immunity thаt a complainant or witness has in a judicial proceeding.

Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 81.106 (Vernon 1997) (emphasis added).

The question then becomes “what immunity does a complainant or witness have in a judicial proceeding?”

The first Texas Supreme court case to adopt the privilege was Runge v. Franklin, 72 Tex. 585, 10 S.W. 721 (1889), in which the plaintiff comрlained he had been libeled by allegations made in a petition filed in court seeking an injunction, the allegations later being publicized by a newspaper. The court examined English and American cases and held that no cause of action for libel could be predicated upon allegations contained in pleadings, no matter how false or malicious.

That rule of absolute immunity for libel was applied to complaints made to public bodies that had judicial like functions. In Aransas Harbor Terminal R. Co. v. Taber, 235 S.W. 841 (Tex.Com.App.1921) libelous statements were made in a letter to the Texas Railroad Commission. The court held that the commissiоn performed judicial functions: “The power to hear complaints and to investigate them, to summons and compel the ‍‌‌​‌​‌‌​​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​‌​​‌‌​​‌‌​​​​​‌‌‌​‌‌‌​‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌‍attendance of witnesses, to compel persons to testify in transactions being investigated, and the power to render judgment in the matters being investigated are expressly provided by these statutes. What more can any judicial body do?” Id. at 842. “That communications made in the course of a judicial proceeding are absolutely privileged is no longer a debatable question in this state.” Id. at 843 (citing Runge v.. Franklin, 72 Tex. 585, 10 S.W. 721). The court held the letter to the commission was absolutely privileged and no action for libel would lie.

Similarly, a document filed with the Board of Insurance Commissioners, “whether true or false, real or forged,” was absolutely privileged, and could not support an action for libel. Reagan v. Guardian Life Ins. Co., 140 Tex. 105, 166 S.W.2d 909 (1942). The court said that this rule of privilege “is not founded on the theory that the communications furnish any defense, but on the fact that the law allows аbsolute privilege or immunity on account of the occasion upon which the communication is made. Id. at 913. The court construes Aransas Harbor Terminal R. Co. to *61 hold that “communications made to such a body stand on the same footing as regards libel as do communications made in a court of justice.” That is, absolutely privileged. Reagan, 166 S.W.2d at 912.

We hold the communications mаde in this case to the Unauthorized Practice of Law Committee through its members or chairperson are absolutely privileged, and appellees are not liable for those communications, regardless of their content.

Written Statements Contained in Letter to T. Lee Ramsey

The second communication that Crain complains of is Smith’s letter to T. Lee Ramsey, the attorney for Airtron, Inc., which was Crain’s customer for whom he allegedly filed the liens. This letter stated, in relevant part:

Dear Mr. Ramsey:

As you are aware, I represent ... the owner of the ... property [upon which the liens were placed]. Enclosed, for your easy reference, is a copy of the Lien Affidavit and Claim recorded in the Real Property Records of Harris County, Texas, on behalf of your client, Air-tron, Inc., claiming a mechanic’s and materialman’s lien against my client’s property....
Recently, I have done some investigation into Mr. Ray Crain, his mechanic’s and materialman’s lien business and Mr. Michael R. Davis. I have spоken with Mr. Jeff Lehmann, the Chair of the Unauthorized Practice of Law Committee, concerning same. Mr. Crain is not an attorney and he is not licensed to practice law in the state of Texas. Mr. Michael R. Davis is a licensed attorney. He, however, does not practice law in Houston. He is currently an attornеy with a department of the State of Texas. Mr. Crain does not employ Mr. Davis, nor does Mr. Davis employ Mr. Crain. They do not office together. As shown by the enclosed letter, Mr. Davis does not type or sign the statutory notices forwarded under his letterhead. His letters are typed and signed by an employee of Mr. Crain’s. Mr. Crain pays Mr. Davis a minimal fee to use his letterhead and this notice.
The “practice of law” is defined in Section 81.101 of the Government Code of the State of Texas. This statute makes it illegal to practice law without a license. Pursuant to Section 83.001 of the Government code of the State of Texas, only an attorney licensed in this state or a licensed real estate ‍‌‌​‌​‌‌​​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​‌​​‌‌​​‌‌​​​​​‌‌‌​‌‌‌​‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌‍broker or salesman can receive compensation for preparation of an instrument effecting title to real property. An affidavit claiming a mechanic’s and materialman’s lien that is recorded in the county where the property is located is clearly an instrument that effects title to real property.
As previously stated, Ray Crain is not a licensed attorney nor is he a real estate broker, and yet he prepared and signed the enclosed hen affidavit on behalf of your client. As such, Mr. Crain is practicing law without a license and is committing an illegal act. Any act taken by a person who is not an attorney and which act constitutes an unauthorized practice of law is void and of no effect, Globe Leasing, Inc. v. Engine Supply & Machine Serv., 437 S.W.2d 43 (Tex.Civ.App.—Houston 1969, no writ). As such, the lien affidavit recorded on behalf of your client is void and of no effect. Please contact Mr. Lehmann at [number] should you wish to discuss unauthorized practice of law and the effect of same. The Unauthorized Practice of Law Committee currently has charges pending against Mr. Crain which should be heard in the near future.
Based upon the above, demand is hereby made that your client, Airtron, Inc., immediately exеcute and return the enclosed release. Failure to do so within ten (10) days of the date of this letter shall result in my client filing suit against your client in connection with same.
*62 ... [A]s a result of your client’s recording the lien affidavit and refusing to release same, my client has incurred attorney fees in connection with same in the аpproximate amount of $1,500.00. Demand is hereby made upon your client, Airtron, Inc., for the immediate payment of the above referenced damages which total $15,233.00. Please have your client forward payment of same along with the executed release. Failure to do so within ten (10) days of the date оf this letter, shall result in my client filing suit to recover payment of said damages.

Smith contends that the letter is a communication made in the due course of a judicial proceeding and is absolutely privileged.

“Any communication made or published during the course of a judicial proceeding is absolutely privileged; that is, no action will lie to recompense any injury which they may cause.” James v. Brown, 637 S.W.2d 914, 916-17 (Tex.1982). This privilege has been held by several courts to include communications by counsel in which the alleged wrongs suffered by the client are detailed. See e.g. Russell v. Clark, 620 S.W.2d 865 (Tex.Civ.App.—Dallas 1981, writ ref d n.r.e.); Thomas v. Bracey, 940 S.W.2d 340 (Tex.App.—San Antonio 1997, no writ); see also Helfand v. Coane, 12 S.W.3d 152 (Tex.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2000, no pet. h.). The rationale is largely that of the absolute privilegе that attaches to allegations in a petition filed in court, in that the demand letter is an attempt to alert the potential defendant of the grievance before suit is filed.

The Restatement states the rule to be: An attorney at law is absolutely privileged to publish defamatory matter concerning anоther in communications preliminary to a proposed judicial proceeding, or in the institution of, or during the course and as a part of, a judicial proceeding in which he participates as counsel, ‍‌‌​‌​‌‌​​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​‌​​‌‌​​‌‌​​​​​‌‌‌​‌‌‌​‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌‍if it has some relation to the proceeding.

Restatement (Second) of ToRts § 586 (1977). Comment a of this sеction states:

The privilege stated in this Section is based upon a public policy of securing to attorneys as officers of the court the utmost freedom in their efforts to secure justice for their clients. Therefore the privilege is absolute. It protects the attorney from liability in an action for defamation irrespective of his purpose in publishing the defamatory matter, his belief in its truth, or even his knowledge of its falsity. These matters are of importance only in determining the amenability of the attorney to the disciplinary power of the court of which he is an officer. The publication of defamatory mаtter by an attorney is protected not only when made in the institution of the proceedings or in the conduct of litigation before a judicial tribunal, but in conferences and other communications preliminary to the proceeding. The institution of a judicial proceeding includes all pleadings and affidavits necessary to set the judicial machinery in motion. The conduct of the litigation includes the examination and cross-examination of witnesses, comments upon the evidence and arguments both oral and written upon the evidence, whether made to court or jury.

Id. at § 586, cmt. a. (emphasis added.)

Several Texas cases have held the judiсial proceeding privilege applies to letters written by lawyers to potential defendants prior to suit. The first was Russell v. Clark, 620 S.W.2d 865 (Tex.Civ.App.—Dallas 1981, writ ref'd n.r.e.), in which an attorney was sued for libel for a letter written to the plaintiffs investors. The Dallas Court of Civil Appeals, writing through Justice Stephens, adopted the Restatement’s position and extended “absolute privilege to out of court communications made by attorneys preliminary to a judicial proceeding” if the communication has some relation to the proposed judicial proceeding. Id. at 868-69. The court *63 opined that to trigger the absolute privilege, there must be a relаtionship between the correspondence and the proposed or existing judicial proceeding, which decision is made by considering the entire communication in context, resolving all doubts in favor of its relevancy. Id. at 870.

The San Antonio Court of Appeals adopted the same rule of absolute рrivilege and held it protected a letter written by a lawyer for a client to a prospective defendant in a property dispute in Thomas v. Bracey, 940 S.W.2d 340 (Tex.App.—San Antonio 1997, no writ). The Eastland Court addressed the question of tortious interference based on a letter written by counsel to the operator of a gas wеll, claiming title to the gas produced. City of Brady v. Bennie, 735 S.W.2d 275, 279 (Tex.App.—Eastland 1987, no writ). The operator promptly ‍‌‌​‌​‌‌​​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​‌​​‌‌​​‌‌​​​​​‌‌‌​‌‌‌​‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌‍shut down the well. Citing the rule stated in Reagan v. Guardian Life Ins. Co., that communications made in the course of a judicial proceedings are absolutely privileged, and that the privilege extends to communications made in contemplation of a judicial proceeding, citing James v. Brown, 637 S.W.2d 914 (Tex.1982), the court held that the letter was written preliminary to a proposed judicial proceeding and was, therefore, absolutely privileged.

The statements contained in Smith’s demand letter were factual allegations and legal conclusions that formed the basis of hеr proposed legal action. She was stating a claim for relief to counsel for Airtron, her anticipated target if she sued for her client. The statements in the letter were absolutely privileged, and cannot constitute the basis for litigation against the lawyer, just as, if suit is filed, the allegations of the petition cannot be actionable.

The judgment is AFFIRMED.