87 F. 349 | E.D.N.Y | 1898
The libelant was a longshoreman, and had been in the employ of the claimant, the New York & Cuba Mail Steamship Company, for about one year previous to September 7, 1.894, coaling vessels, and during that time had coaled two, and sometimes three, vessels per week. Tlie vessels were all similar in filan and arrangement. On the day named, he was sent, with others, to coal the steamship Saratoga, lying with her starboard side abreast a dock, in the city of Brooklyn. The coal was received from a vessel lying on the port side of the steamer, through the port entrance
The decision in this case should turn upon the solution of this question: In what state of security could the libelant justly expect to find the forward hatch? Certain features of the evidence are very pronounced: (1) The libelant had complete knowledge of these hatches, their location, and the spaces about them. It was a knowledge resulting from actual use of the deck two or three times each week for a year. (2) The hatch coverings were customarily left off when the vessel was in port. The evidence; in this regard is full, uncontradicted, and satisfactory. The libelant does not contradict, nor by himself, or Ms fellow workmen called in his behalf, give a single syllable of evidence tending to negative, such custom, so amply asserted by the evidence of several other witnesses. Tin; libelant by not so much as a word of evidence declares himself ignorant that: such was the customary condition of the hatches while the vessel was in port, or that on any occasion or at any time he ever-found the hatches closed; nor does he state; any fact or circumstance which to any ddgree what (-vex- suggests that he liad a right to expect that the hatch would he; closed, from anything said or done at the; time, or at any past lime, or from any condition existing at this time, or in the past. There is no evieience in the case that this custom was limited to times when the ships were receiving cargo, or to the daytime, or to any particular conditions. The state of the evidence is one broad, general declaration that the custom was to leave the hatch covers off, except at such times as they wore kept down to enable cargo to be passed over them.
The claimant calls attention to several decisions to the alleged
In The Gladiolus, 21 Fed. 417, it was held that where a stevedore, engaged.in his usual occupation, falls through an ordinary coal-bunker hatch, used for stowing cargo, the presumption is of his negligence, rather than that of the officers of the vessel. Locke, J., in the course of his opinion, states:
“The leaving open of a common between-deck hatchway when the vessel is lying in port, under ordinary circumstances, is not presumptive evidence of negligence on the part of the ship. This is not only shown to be the custom by the testimony in this case, but it has been so frequently commented upon in decisions as to be too well settled to be questioned. The Victoria, 13 Fed. 43; Dwyer v. Steamship Co., 4 Fed. 493; The Carl, 18 Fed. 655; The Germania, 9 Ben. 356, Fed. Cas. No. 5,360; The Helios, 12 Fed. 732. While the falling through an open hatchway by a stranger, a landsman, visitor, or passenger, on hoard a vessel, might -not be presumptive of negligence on his part, where such accident occurs to a seaman or stevedore, who is accustomed to hatches, their presence, necessity, uses, character, and location, the ease is different; and, unless the circumstances of the particular case are such as to rebut it, the first presumption is of his negligence.”
This case was affirmed by tbe circuit court. 22 Fed. 454. It is observable, however, that it was not affirmed upon the ground that it was the custom of vessels to leave the hatches open, but the decision of the appellate court is rather that the steamship company owed no duty to thev stevedore who was injured ‘‘to look to the hatches and preparations to receive the cargo,” but that the ship, for preparations to receive cargo, and in receiving cargo, was under the control of the stevedore and his respective gangs of men. In other words, the stevedore, the employer of the injured man, had received control of the ship for the purpose of stowing the cargo, and it was his duty, if it was anybody’s, to put the hatchways in a condition of safety, and to furnish light therefor.
In the Victoria, 13 Fed. 43, it was held that where a workman upon a vessel was injured by falling through an open hatchway negligently left open by the stevedore having charge of the discharging and loading of. the vessel, and the actual negligence that caused the accident was the removal of a lamp by a fellow workman employed on the same job with the libelant, the common employer is not liable for the injury. In his opinion, Lowell, C. J., says:
“Whether it is usual to close the hatches on the third deck after the day’s work is done, is a disputed question in the case. The preponderance of the evidence is that it is not usual; and see Dwyer v. Steamship Co., 17 Blatchf. 472, 4 Fed. 493.”
The opinion then states that, if the hatch was negligently left open, the negligence was that of the stevedore having charge of the discharging and loading of the ship, and such negligence could not be attributed to the owners, and that the actual negligence was in removing and not replacing a lamp which had hung near the foot of
in The Oily of Alexandria, 17 Fed. 390, it was held by Judge .Brown (¡Southern district of New York) that the libel should be dismissed, where the libelant, the cook, went down the fore hatch in the morning, before light, by the direction of the steward, and was not sufficiently notified of the half-open hatch below, and in consequence fell through and was injured, and was subsequently treated and cared for at the ship’s expense, and received Ms wages to rhe end of (he voyage, and thereafter filed his libel to recover for permanent injuries. It appears that the libelant was not accustomed to use the fore hatch, through which he fell, as the same at sea was usually closed, but was open at the time of his injury, as the steamer had on the previous day touched at an intermediate port, and landed some cargo, and on the following day she was expected to arrive at her port of discharge; that the cook, who had ordinarily nothing to do with the hatches, was not aware that the hatch below was partly uncovered; that some men had previously descended by the same way with a light. There* was also some evidence that the steward had warned the libelant of the condition of the hatch, which evidence was not accepted by the court. The learned judge held that, if there was any negligence in leaving the hatch open, it was such negligence of a co-employé as precluded recovery. The decision passes off upon grounds quite distinct from any justified by the facts in the present case, and not at all upon a question of a legal recognition of the custom of leaving hatches open, so that a person employed upon a ship should he deemed to have knowledge of such custom, and to assume the risk therefor.
la The Carl. 18 Fed. 655, it appears that the libelant was employed. with other men, by the owner of a cargo, to assist in unloading goods between decks. Three hatches above and three immediately beneath were all open. While the libelant, was at work six feet forward of the fore hatch, the deckhands above, while washing the main deck, put on the cover of the fore hatch above, darkening the space below, where the libelant was at work. The latter, thinking that the hatches were about to be closed, turned suddenly, and, forgetting the open hatch by him, stepped into it, fell, and was injured. There was plenty of room to go on either side of the open hatch, and the libelant was familiar with the circumstances. It was held that the proximate cause of the accident was the libelant’s inattention and negligence, and the libel was dismissed without considering the question of the liability of the ship or her owners for the acts of the deck hands. It will be perceived that there is in this case no legal recognition of a custom on shipboard to keep hatches open. The hatch was open, the libelant knew it, he assumed the risk of it, and the accident happened by his inattention to a well-known fact.
In The Germania, 9 Ben. 356, Fed. Cas. No. 5,360, it was held that a person not in the employment of a vessel or her owners, nor acting in their service or for their benefit, and sustaining no relation to them by contract, has no right of action in rem in admiralty, against
“I have preferred to put the decision of the ease on the views above stated, but I am not satisfied that there was any negligence on the part of the master, officers, or crew of the vessel. The opening was a usual one, in a usual place; and, if an obligation rested upon any person to warn the libelant in regard to it, it was one which, under the circumstances, did not rest on the ship’s company.”
The libelant in the above case was a sewer of bags, and was proceeding to his designated place for work, when he fell through the hatchway, and seems to have been on the ship in behalf of the shippers of grain to be carried by the ship; the grain being received in bags from the spout of the elevator. It was the duty of the shippers, as between them and the owners of the bark, to thus bag the grain, and the libelant was on board under an employment for that purpose.
In The Helios, 12 Fed. 732, the claim was for personal injuries sustained by a stevedore, engaged in storing cargo, falling through a hatch in the between-decks of a vessel. It was held that it was negligence in those having charge of the vessel to leave the chain-locker hatch open and unprotected, in a dark place, after the first officer had notified the stevedore that the vessel was ready for stowing the cargo. It appears that, when about to stow- the cargo in the between-decks, the foreman of the stevedores asked the first officer of the steamship if they could proceed so to do. Such officer replied that everything was ready. The foreman then instructed a gang of men, among whom was the libelant, to go below and close the hatches in the between-decks, and then stow the cargo, consisting of oil cake, in the between-decks. The Helios was a steamer fitted for carrying grain, and had a number of small hatches in her between-decks, in addition to the fore main hatches. Although it was on the morning of a bright and" clear day, there was no light forward, except down the fore hatch. About 16 feet from the forward hatch was a small hatch, without coamings, leading to the chain lockers. This hatch was not used for cargoes and was open. The. oil cake was to be stowed some five or six feet beyond this small hatch. The libelant did not know of it, and, as he went forward with the first bag of oil cake, he fell down it, receiving the injuries. The libelant asked for no artificial light to work by, nor was any furnished. There was some evidence that, lights were supplied to stow cargo by, in the port of New York, only if demanded by the workmen. Judge Brown (Southern district of New York) said:
“I cannot entertain any doubt that it was negligence in those having charge of the Helios to leave the chain-locker hatch open and unprotected, as the evidence shows in this ease. It was not a hatch for the usual stowage of cargo, such as stevedores must at their peril look out for, and are presumed to know about. It had no reference to the cargo, and the stevedores had no business with it, as the evidence shows. When the first mate told the stevedore*355 that the vessel was ready for him to proceed to stow the cargo, that was a virtual warranty against all such traps in the darker parts of the vessel, which could not be, or would not be, perceived in the ordinary course of stowage.”
In The Guillermo, 26 Fed. 921, it was held, where libelant, who was acting as a roundsman to see that the night inspectors were at their post, went, aboard the ship, and fell across an open hatch of the ship, which led to the coal bunkers, and which was In a comparatively narrow passageway, where it was perfectly dark, that such leaving of the hatchway open was negligence on the part of the ship, in respect to the libelant, whose duties called him there. * It was also held that the negligence was of a minor character, not warranting the allowance to tlie libelant of more than bis actual loss. The learned judge, in his opinion, stated as follows:
“The libelant went upon tlie ship lawfully, and in the discharge of his duties. The open hatch was not in the situation of (he ordinary open hatches for a discharge of cargo, such as may be expected to remain open in port, and whieli persons going upon (lie ship must avoid at their peril. This hatch was in a comparatively narrow passageway along (lie side of the ship. To leave it open, in an uncovered passageway, which was perfectly dark, I must hold negligence in respect to tlie libelant, whose duties called him there.”
In The Jersey City, 46 Fed. 134, the following facts appear: The libelant was a stevedore employed by charterers of part of the steamship Jersey Oily to put up a refrigerator in the hold. On leaving-work at midnight, he fell down the hatchway; and libeled the vessel for injuries thereby received, claiming fault in that the hatch was not covered, and lights maintained about the opening. The evidence showed that it. was not customary to cover the hatchways until the cargo was in. The open hatch was known to the libelant, and was the customary opening. The charterers supplied lights to the workmen. When libelant fell, one; was burning within six feet of the hatch. It was held that the ship was not under any duty to supply lights or to cover the hatches for tlie charterers’ men, nor was the libelant’s fall due to the lack of light, but to his own negligence. Tlie libel was dismissed. The case, in some of its general features, is similar to the one at bar. It appeared, however, that there had been no covers to the hatch at the foot of the ladder at any time during the day, and that the libelant, when he went down at noon, when he went up at 6 o’clock for supper, and when he came down again to work at 7 p. m., must have seen and known that there were no covers there. Although the learned judge states that the open hatch was fully known to the libelant, that it was the customary opening, and that the only care necessary to avoid it was such ordinary care as all who work on shipboard are expected to exercise, yet the decision is based upon the finding that the fall was owing to the libelant’s negligence alone, inasmuch as he knew perfectly the proper means of access to the ladder, and that the covers were off the hatch at the foot of the ladder. It is also stated that the libelant was in the employment of the charterers, who were erecting a refrigerator on their own account in the ship, and that they supplied their workmen with all necessary lights, and that the
In The Sir Garnet Wolseley, 41 Fed. 896, the facts were as follows: The libelant, a night watchman on a steamer, undertook to sit down upon a bunker hatch, without looking to see whether the cover was on. The proof showed that the hatch was covered, or not, as the necessity of the ship required. On this occasion it was uncovered, and libelant fell through to the hold. It was held that the accident was due to libelant’s negligence, and the libel was dismissed. It seems that the libelant assumed that the hatch cover was on. and did not look to see whether it was or not.
In The Louisiana, 21 C. C. A. 60, 74 Fed. 748, the facts were as follows: A stevedore, going into the between-decks, in the daytime, pursuant to the orders of the foreman in charge, fell down an unguarded hatchway; which was lighted by a port six feet square, a hatch eight feet square, and four deadlights. It was not customary, on that vessel, or any other vessel coming into the port, to keep any railing about the hatch, and the preponderance of the evidence showed that it was usual to leave the hatchway uncovered until the hold was fully stored. • It was held that the accident was due to the stevedore’s own negligence, and the vessel was not liable. It was also held that, where a stevedore engaged in discharging cargo fell through an unguarded hatchway in the between-decks, if there was any obligation to have the hatchway closed, the duty of opening and closing it, when necessary, rested upon the squad of laborers working in the between-decks, who were the stevedore’s fellow servants, and that an underforeman, in charge of a squad of stevedore’s laborers, is their fellow servant in regard to any injury occurring to one of them through his negligence. The decision seems to be based upon the finding that the preponderance of testimony indicated that it was usual to leave the hatchway uncovered until the hold to which it gave access had been fully stowed, that the libelant was aware of the conditions, and that the fault, if any, was that of a fellow servant.
In Anderson v. Steamship Co., 13 App. Div. 218, 48 N. Y. Supp. 213, the facts were as follows: A seaman, employed on a steamship, who was directed to assist the carpenter in closing the ports between-decks, went to the lower deck for that purpose. He there noticed a couple of boilers lying forward of the hatch, on the deck. He walked alongside one of the boilers to the port on the port side of the vessel, and closed it, and then went across the hatch in question, and closed the port on the starboard side. After closing these ports, which made it absolutely dark upon the deck, he started to go forward to reach the hatch through which he had descended to the lower deck, and in striving, as he testified, to avoid the boilers, attempted to walk (although there was no necessity for so doing) upon the hatch which was partially uncovered, and fell through it, and was injured. The libelant had a full opportunity of seeing the condition of the hatch. It was held that he did not show himself free from contributory negligence. Upon the trial of the cause the defendant offered.to show that it was customary, while the vessel
In Dwyer v. Steamship Co., 17 Blatchf. 472, 4 Fed. 493, the facts are as follows: Dwyer, while on the deck of a steamship belonging to the defendant, arranging in the hatch the pipe of a grain elevator, stepped upon a section of the grating of the hatch, which, not being properly placed in the groove in which it was intended to fit, tilted under his weight; and he fell through the hatchway, and was killed. Dwyer was in the employ' of the owner of the elevator, who had a contract with the defendant to put the grain into the hold of the steamer. A stevedore had a contract with the defendant to load the steamer. It did not appear when, or by whom, the grating was negligently placed. It wras held that it was not the defendant’s duty to maintain a safe covering on the hatchway for the stevedore, and that, if the stevedore’s men improperly placed or displaced the grating, the defendant was not responsible for their acts. In the opinion, Judge Benedict says:
“The cause of the accident Is clearly proved’ to have been the unsafe manner in which the section of the grating upon which the deceased stepped was placed upon the hatchway. The actual wrongdoer was the person who placed (he grating upon the hatchway during the night, or some person who changed, the position of the grating after it had been so placed; but there is no evidence from which it can be determined whether the negligence occurred at the time the grating was placed upon the hatchway, or at a subsequent time, or by whom the negligent act was done. * * If I were convinced that the condition of the hatchway at the time of the accident was proof of a failure on the part of the defendant to discharge a duty attaching to it in respect to the hatchway, I should find no difficulty in holding the defendant liable, whether the grating was misplaced by the stevedores, the elevator men, or the crew of the vessel. But, I cannot agree to the proposition that it was a part of the defendant’s duty to maintain a safe covering upon this hatchway. Hatchways are well-known features and sources of danger on a ship. They are intended to be open a large portion of the time, especially in port, not only for the purposes of loading- and unloading- cargo, but also for ventilation. An open hatchway on a ship, when-provided with the usual coamings, is not evidence of a neglect of duty on the part of the shipowner. On the contrary, a shipowner has the right to allow the hatchways of his ship to remain uncovered and unprotected, except by the usual coamings, and all persons moving upon the decks of a ship are chargeable with notice of the probable presence of open hatchways in the decks. Neither is it the duty of the shipowner to maintain a guard, stationed at the hatchway of his ship, for the purpose of protecting persons from injury by falling into it. Such a duty would be burdensome in the extreme, and is not required by the law. Murray v. McLean, 57 111. 378. The requirement would be unreasonable, and has never been observed in practice, nor, so far as I know, declared in any adjudged case. * * If the defendant be liable at all, that liability arises not from an aci of omission. He had the right to omit to cover the hatchway, and the bare fact that it was wholly uncovered, or partly uncovered, is not sufficient, therefore, to establish his liability. He' is liable, if at all, for an act of commission, namely, the act of placing- the grating upon the hatch in a negligent*358 manner, or the act of disturbing the grating after it had been placed upon the hatchway in a proper manner.”
The foregoing cases are cited by the claimant’s counsel to illustrate his position that the law itself recognizes the existence of a custom of keeping hatches open in port, to such an extent that the person serving upon a ship must be presumed to know of the custom, and to conform himself to it. It will be observed, however, that in several of the cases there was evidence proving the custom, and that the court did not take judicial notice that such a custom existed, or of the propriety or necessity or convenience of having the hatches open while the ship was lying in port. In any case, the evidence here clearly proves that the custom did exist, and that the libelant knew, or should have known, of the same. To this state of facts, then, may be applied a rule of law so generally accepted, and so fundamental, that no citation of authority is necessary to establish its existence. By the usual implication of the contract of hiring, it becomes the duty of the master to exercise the care and skill that a man of ordinary prudence would observe under the circumstances, to furnish his servants with a reasonably safe place to work. But this is a mere primary duty, and the master need not perform it, provided he fully instructs his servants respecting the dangers arising from the absence of such performance, or providing the servant have from any source like information; for it is the personal right of every man to use such machinery, appliances, plant, assistance, or system of work, as he desires, provided he do not infringe upon the rights of others. It is equally true that the servant assumes the risks of his employment discoverable by the use of ordinary care, and the servant should use due diligence to discover the particular arrangements of the place where, he is to work, and the machinery and appliances he is to use, and the dangers to which they expose him, and the risks so discoverable he assumes. And so, if the master do not use the care required of him, and if, in the matter of machinery, appliances, tools, system of work, selection or continuance of the employment of feliow servants, the issuing or enforcement of rules, there be dangers discoverable by the use of ordinary care on a servant’s part, or if there be dangers of which the servant knows, either by information derived from the master," or from any other source, and the servant remains voluntarily in the employment, he takes the risk of such danger, excepting those cases where the master by some act or words induces the servant to continue the employment. Applying these rules to the established custom of leaving hatches open, it results that the libelant fully knew of such custom of leaving hatches open; that, he continued his employment, knowing of such custom; and that he assumed the risk of any danger naturally arising from such open condition. The authorities are .very numerous: Kennedy v. Railway Co., 145 N. Y. 288, 39 N. E. 956; Knisley v. Pratt, 148 N. Y. 372, 42 N. E. 986; Sharpsteen v. Mining Co., 8 App. Div. 144, 38 N. Y. Supp. 49.
The libelant’s counsel cites The Manhanset, 53 Fed. 843. There the libelant, a seaman, stepped into a snarl in the fall of the winch on the deck of the ship, and was thereby injured. It was after dark,
It must be concluded that the libelant assumed the risk of danger arising from the; known fact that: it was the custom to leave hatches uncovered. It does not follow, however, that the claimant is not liable for the injuries in the present case. The law would require, as a primary duty on the part of the master, that he keep closed a hatch appropriated for a passageway, while in such use, or, if open necessarily or for convenience, that he use ordinary care to have; Ihe same reasonably lighted. This is a rule of general application, and no reason appears for withdrawing ships in ports from its opera lion. But, although this be a primary duty of (he master, vet he has the full right, subject to the modification soon to be noticed, to leave hatches open and unlighted at all times, whether used as a means of passageway or otherwise. He has a right to establish the regulation that an open hatch shall yawn at the foot of the hatch ladder, and that it shall remain in total darkness, and, in such a condition, direct his servant to use it as a footway. But there; is no presumption of law that he will do this, and his right to do so is limited by the accompanying duty of brineing home to his servants a knowledge of the dangerous condition, or of enabling a servant to learn by his own observation of the perilous system. Therefore, on a trial like the present, the master must show, affirmatively, not only that he customarily left these pitfalls in the footway of gangs of workmen, but that he did so on dark nights without lighting the same. Such proof devolves on the claimant, and, when given, casts the assumption of the risk upon the servant. When, as in the case
The next question is whether the libelant was guilty of contributory negligence. The respondent contends that the libelant was guilty, and, in support of such contention, cites Anderson v. Steamship Co., 13 App. Div. 218, 43 N. Y. Supp. 218; The Jersey City, 46 Fed. 134; The Carl, 18 Fed. 655; The Sir Garnet Wolseley, 41 Fed. 896; The Gladiolus, 22 Fed. 459, 21 Fed. 417; Geoghegan v. Steamship Co., 146 N. Y. 369, 40 N. E. 507. This contention of the respondents is fully sustained. The libelant knew — constructively, at least — that the hatch was open; he discovered that the place was insufficiently lighted; and, indeed, he claims that the place was so dark that he was obliged to grope his way. It was within his power to go back and obtain one of the lanterns, and thereby escape the results of the negligence of the master. He preferred, however, to