Hоward R. Craig appeals his convictions of one count of child molesting, a class B felony, and one count of incest, a class D felony, for which he received ten-year and one and one-half year sentences to be served concurrently.
We affirm but vacate Craig's conviction of incest.
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The State's third witness, Officer Heiden, testified on direct examination, over Craig's hearsay objection, that H.C.'s mother told him "that, uh, Howard Craig ... had put his рenis into [H.C.'s] mouth." Earlier testimony had already established that H.C.'s mother had not been present when the alleged incident occurred. Accordingly, Craig argues that the statement constitutes double hearsay which is inadmissible under the Modesitt rule, Modesitt v. State (1991), Ind.,
Hearsay is defined as an out-of-court statement offered in court to prove the truth of the matter asserted therein and rests on the credibility of a declarant who is not in court and is unavailablе for cross-examination. Miller v. State (1991), Ind.,
The hearsay rule does not apply so as to require exelusion of police "[tlestimo-ny which contains out-of-court statements by third parties but [which] is introduced primarily to explain why a particular course of actiоn was taken" during a criminal investigation. Johnston v. State (1988), Ind.,
Since Williams, Indiаna appellate decisions have generally applied the Williams standard of review and required such as
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surance. See eg., McGowan v. State (1992), Ind.,
In Long,
While we agree with earlier decisions which have expressed the view that the better rule is to exсlude the content of a hearsay statement when the fact of the making of a statement itself will suffice to show or explain a police investigation, see e.g. O'Grady v. State (1985), Ind.App.,
II.
Craig next argues that the trial court committed fundamental error when it allowed the police officer to conclude that, based upon his initial interviews with H.C., proceedings which occurred in-court at an earlier time, and H.C.'s trial testimony, H.C. had been consistent in his allegation that his father had forсed him to take his father's penis into his mouth. When this testimony came into evidence, the police officer had already repeated H.C.'s allegations during the investigation and H.C. had already testified. However, the content of H.C.'s recorded trial testimony on Craig's motion in limine was never introduced at trial. Craig's counsel did object initially because the question originally incorporated all of H.C.'s рretrial statements, including some of which defense counsel had not been aware or obtained transcripts, but the question was narrowed and agreed upon by defense counsel because counsel did have all of H.C.'s recorded statements and he could cross-examine the officer about them. Craig argues that the officer's opinion is improper evidence because thе opinion invades the province of the jury to determine for itself whether H.C.'s statements had been consistent and is, in essence, a form of impermissible vouching-type evidence which attests to H.C.'s truthfulness.
On two occasions, this court has held that the admission of the impermissible form of vouching testimony is not fundamental error. Okuly v. State (1991), Ind.App.,
IIL.
Craig next argues that the trial court committed fundаmental error in permitting the testimony of C.D., H.C.'s step-sister, concerning an incident in 1987 when Craig forced her to perform fellatio upon him, in permitting the introduction of two police reports made in 1988 when the incident involving C.D. was reported, and in permitting the investigating officer to repeat C.D.'s charges against Craig. Evidence of the prior incident was offered to show Craig's depraved sexual instinct.
At trial, Crаig voiced no objection to the testimony or the documents on any basis and expressly waived any objection as to the hearsay quality of the evidence. Nonetheless, Craig seeks the retroactive benefit of the Indiana Supreme Court's recent decision in Lannan v. State (1992), Ind.,
Onee again, this court has held on at least two occasions that the introduction of evidence of prior sexual misconduct which formerly would have been admissible as evidence of a depraved sexual instinct and is not admissible under Fed.R.Evid. 404(b) is not fundamental error.
1
Stout v. State,
is consistent with the Indiana Supreme Court and Court of Appeals decisions which have held generally that the admission of evidence of other offenses does not deprive a defendant of fundamental due process. Lewis v. State (1987), Ind.,
Crаig argues that it was fundamental error to permit the introduction of the two police reports because of their hearsay content. But admission of the hearsay was not harmful. The first document is a police report naming C.D.'s mother's boyfriend as the alleged perpetrator, not Craig. It reflects an anonymous report from someone who had overheard a conversation among family members that C.D. may have been molested. This statement is innocuous. The document also contains a report of a statement from the caller that C.D. had been observed engaging in inappropriate sexual behavior. Evidence of similar effect was purposefully elicited by Craig on cross-examination of H.C.'s mother.
The second document is a two-paragraph summarization оf the police officer's investigation. For the most part, it contains the officer's observations. However, it does contain the specific charges, in the first paragraph, that C.D. had accused Craig, her stepfather, of making her touch
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his penis. The second paragraph repeats what C.D. had told her mother, namely, that Craig had made her hold his penis and put it into her mouth. The factuаl content provided by the erroneously admitted hearsay was substantially the same as that provided by the in-court testimony of the declarants. The admission of hearsay evidence is not grounds for reversal when it is merely cumulative of other admitted evidence. Hendricks v. State (1990), Ind.,
IV.
Craig argues that he received ineffective assistance of counsel at trial. He alleges attorney error in agreeing to permit the State to ask the police officer whether H.C. had been consistent in his allegations against Craig, in failing to object to the introduction of the police reports relating to the incident involving C.D., and in failing to object to any of the evidence of the collatеral erime involving C.D.
To succeed on a claim of ineffectiveness of counsel, an appellant must prove that counsel's representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness under prevailing professional norms. Hunter v. State (1991), Ind.,
Craig's counsel began his opening statement by pointing out the inconsistencies and improbabilities in H.C.'s testimony. Then, he told the jury that C.D.'s testimony was admissible to show a pattern of sexual conduct. The statement continues:
And, in this case, I had to make some decisions whether I would heavily object to that kind of thing because I think this case, in fact, we have evidence which will be more persuasive with respect to the [C.D.] case than maybe we do the [H.C.] case. There aren't a lot of evidence (gic) or witnesses with respect to the [H.C.] accusation But, with respect to [C.D.], ... Witnesses will say [Craig] was never aware of that accusation, he never was confronted with it. At subsequent points visitation was never withheld because of that accusation. His family, his parents, his sisters, no one was ever confronted with any information concerning [C.D.]. Law enforcement filed no charges. Law enforcement officers did not questions (sic) any potential witnesses in that case which would have included his parents.... Now, when I say that we will clash with the evidence concerning the [C.D.] aspects of the case, as you listen to the evidence in this case, you're going to find that there are distinct differences between what [C.D.] said happened when the situation was explained back in January of '88 and in the situation in which she describes recently. In that description of what happened in '88, there are detail differences between that description and now. In addition, in the current description of [C.D.] of what happened in fall of '87, there will be factual elements of what *507 she said happened that other witnesses will say either physically could not have happened ... We have a problem in that we have young children who may have limitations in their ability to describe.... You will not hear the kinds of vicious questioning that would have occurred in the William Kennedy Smith trial in Florida. Because these are kids. Now, I think we've all concluded that that doesn't necessarily mean that kids are always truthful in situations which gets me to an element of discussion about motive.... And so, in this case, there will be some evidence, although not all, a lot of evidence concerning that issue. The State would try, I assume, to approach it that there is no motive of mother or young children to accuse father. We will indicate to you that by their own actions there appears to be potential for motive.... So, some of my questioning sometimes may seem slightly off point but its purpose will probably be so that all of us have somewhat of a feel for these kids and that we have enough background informatiоn in the children's relationships with mother, with mother's background, with the number of men relationships that mother has had in the short lives of these kids and explore the potential for whatever contamination, I guess I'll put it, that may have occurred in this case. In the same way the State expresses almost an inability to get anything more in front of you than these accusations, for us to confront them and tell you every detail of the lives of these people which may have the source of some doubt as to these accusations.... No witnesses have been at home to see the degree the children are or have been coached. Nobody in the secrets or mind of mother necessary knows what motive may lurk beneath the surface....
As this excerpt from Craig's opening statement indicatеs, one of Craig's trial strategies was to impugn the credibility of H.C. in part by attacking the eredibility of C.D., her mother, and the investigating police officer. A review of the record indicates that this was not at all an unreasonable strategy.
When C.D. reported the incident in 1988, she described the encounter with Craig as involving only herself, not H.C. H.C. was only three years old at the time and, as counsel for Craig established, did not have an independent recollection of the incident, although he testified at trial as if he did. C.D.'s account of the incident at trial varied vastly from what had been recorded by the officer. And, Craig had evidence from H.C.'s grandmother indicating that C.D.'s claim she had been locked in the bedroom could not have been true because the door to the room had never had a lock. Craig's counsеl also had made progress with H.C. on cross-examination when H.C. identified a wastebasket in pictures of the bathroom where the charged incident allegedly occurred, but the pictures reflected the possessions of the occupants at the time of trial who were different than the occupants at the time of the incident. Counsel showed that mother had a motive to encouragе the children to accuse Craig because she had been turned into the welfare department for abuse of the children by father's family. And, counsel succeeded in showing a lack of thoroughness on the part of the investigating officer, both in terms of carrying out the investigation and in documenting it.
Thus, the admission of the police report was critical to the defense strategy, for it not only showed thе vast differences in C.D.'s accounts of the 1987 incident but also the extreme omissions in the official report. The police officer had no more than opined that H.C. had been consistent in his allegations when Craig's counsel attacked with all of the inconsistencies and omissions in the official report of the incident involving C.D. We cannot judge the effectiveness of this tactic from hindsight. The potential prejudicial effect of the officer's conclusion had to be weighed by counsel against the potential benefit which could be derived from the timing and response. Counsel had time to think about this matter. We are not prepared to say that counsel's decision to follow this strategy was objectively unreasonable under the circumstances. Moreover, at the time, an *508 objection to C.D.'s testimony would not have been sustained because the evidence was admissible under the depraved sexual instinct exception. Accordingly, we conclude that Craig was not denied the effective assistance of counsel.
v.
Lastly, Craig argues that the trial court committed fundamental error in sentencing him for both child molesting and incest when the underlying proof of both offenses was the sаme single sexual act. The State concedes the correctness of Craig's position on this issue. On this basis, and the basis of the authority cited, we direct that Craig's conviction of incest be vacated. See Ellis v. State (1988), Ind.,
Judgment affirmed in part. The judgment of conviction of incest is ordered vacated.
Notes
. Craig makes the assertion that by requiring Lannan error to be properly preserved to obtain review, we are requiring trial counsel to be clairvoyant. The implication of our decision is that counsel should have anticipated that the time was ripe for a change in the rule and objected on the grоund that the depraved sexual instinct exception should be abolished. This is not to suggest that we would find it reasonable to expect counsel to anticipate every change in the law. But, as the opinion in Lannan suggests, there were many indicia.
For one, the rationales underlying the rule appeared to have lost vitality. When such a situation exists, the attention of the judiciary should be turned to the reasons for continued adherence to the rule. Where, as here, those rationales are no longer entirely empirically supportable, or are outmoded, a justification exists for modifying or abolishing the rule.
Besides, the exception itself had become unmanageable in its application. One of the limitations which was to curb the rule, scrutiny for remoteness, had lost its teeth. Other than a check on the kind of case in which depraved sexual instinct evidence could be admitted, no real change to the rule had come in some time. There was a growing sense of unfairness among members of the bar and judiciary.
In addition, the Indiana Supreme Court had changed in its composition. The potential for a shift in the balance of the court combined with the court's indicatiоn in the Modesitt decision of its willingness to reconsider long-standing rules were fairly obvious clues that the new court was not afraid to rework its evidentiary rules.
Finally, it is counsel's responsibility to anticipate the evidence which will likely be proffered by the State and prepare for its introduction. In child molesting cases, the nature of evidence which will prove the State's allegations has been fairly well-defined. There are a limited number of defense strategies. All options should always be explored.