1 Ga. 544 | Ga. | 1846
At March term, 1846, of the Superior Court of Gwinnett county, a rule absolute was granted against Nelson Roberts, late Sheriff, requiring him to pay over the sum of lour hundred and twenty-six dollars, to the elerlc of said court, and certain plaintiffs therein named, as costs collected by him, in their behalf, on divers fi. fas. set forth in said rule. Roberts failing to comply with this order was, on the 23d day of June thereafter, committed, under process of attachment, in the name of the State, to the common jail of the comity, by John W. Maltbie, the present Sheriff".
At the September term, 1846, Maltbie was called on to return said attachment into court with his actings and doings thereon, together 'with the body of the said Roberts.
He returned: That lie had taken Roberts into custody, and confined him in the county jail, and that, on the night of the 15th of August, he had escaped therefrom, without his permission and by no negligence on Ids part or on the part of the jailor.
The clerk and plaintiffs in execution proposed to controvert the return, and to prove that the sheriff suffered Roberts to go at large in all the rooms of the prison, with a full knowledge that there was a breach in the walls of one of them, through which the said Roberts could and did escape.
Maltbie refused to join issue on said statements, and denied the right of the party to traverse his return; and this objection was sustained by the court.
It was then urged that the sheriff was liable by rule, on his own showing, for the amount due on the attachment. But the court held otherwise — Judge Dougherty presiding. And farther, that it was unnecessary to form the issue, as, in his opinion, the allegation on the part of the clerk and plaintiffs, suggests new facts, which, if true, make a case where the parties ought to be turned over to their remedy by action, for an escape, and not make the sheriff responsible by rule for a contempt of the court. Whereupon the clerk and plaintiff's in exeention excepted, and contend that the judgment below ought to be reversed.
1st. Because the court determined that the parties in interest had no right to controvert the return of the sheriff, and refused to permit them to do so.
2d. Because the court decided that Maltbie, the sheriff, was not liable, under the rule, and upon the showing made by him.
3d. Because the court bold that, admitting the facts suggested in the issue tendered to be true, the parties’ remedy was by action for an escape, and not by attachment.
1st. Is the return of the sheriff traversable? The act of 1840 is exceedingly broad'. It declares that: “ 'Whenever any sheriff, constable, coroner, or justice of the peace, shall make a return, or showing, under, or by virtue of, any rule, or order, of any judge of any superior court of this State, the same shall be made on oath, to be taken at the time of making such return or showing ; and the parly calling for such return or showing, shall be at liberty to traverse the truth of such return or
, This statute needs no comment. It applies to every return or showing made by any sheriff, under, or by virtue of, any rule, or order of any judge of any superior court of this State, and>seeures to the party calling for such return or showing, the right to traverse the truth thereof. If this act, therefore, is valid, the decision below is unquestionably wrong, for they are in direct conflict with each other.
The only objection raised to the law is, that it is supposed to interfere with .that provision of our State constitution which declares, that trial by jury as heretofore used in this Stale, shallremain inviolate. Farbe (it from us to wish to curtail or abridge the right of trial by jury, believing, as we do, with the great commentator on the common law: that the more it is searched into and understood, the more it is sure to be valued. And with the Virginia bill of rights: that in controversies respecting property, and in suits between man and man, the ancient trial by jury is preferable to any other, and ought to he held sacred. Thai provision in Magna Charla, that no freeman shall be hurt in either his person or property, “ nisi per legale judicium, pnrium suorum,” but by lawful judgment of his peers, deserves to be- written in letters of gold; and is justly esteemed an inestimable privilege in all civilized countries. Of so high and beneficial a nature is this right that the 7th article of the amendments to the Constitution of the United States enacts: “'That in suit's at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any couri of the United States, than according to.the rules of the common law.” And in the second section of the 3d article of the original instrument it is declared, that “ the trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury.”
With these great fundamental provisions staring him in the face— guarding and protecting this principal bulwark of English and American liberties — that judge must be endowed with no ordinary degree of hardihood, who would disregard — much less seek to infringe — the right of trial by jury. In maintaining, however, the constitutionality and expediency of the act of 1840, we repudiate any such imputation. O.a the contrary, it expressly guaranties this right; and while, by the rules of practice, no appeal is allowed in collateral issues, still the court has the power, in its discretion, to grant new trials toties quolies,.uponsuch terms as shall appear just and reasonable. The constitution of 1793 does not say, that all cases, in which the right of trial by jury exists, shall be commenced by petition and process, as ordinary suits are, and that six months shall intervene between the docketing and the trial term, and that there shall be first a trial before a petit, and then a special jury. If this were so, then would all of our railroad charters be void; for they only allow to the landholder an appeal to a special jury, from the assessment of the commissioners; when, before and since the adoption of the constitution, he was entitled to institute his action of trespass or ejectment against all intruders, in the usual way. I am fully persuaded that a rule of construction, fraught with the mischievous consequences attendant on that contended for, never can be right,
2d. We are rather inclined to maintain the correetncssof the judge’s charge, upon the second assignment; and to hold that Maltbie was not liable to an attachment, upon the showing made by him — that Roberts, the former sheriff, escaped from custody, without his permission, and without any negligence on his part.
3d. The next and only remaining question is : whether, admitting the facts suggested in the issue tendered, to be true, the parties’ remedy was not by aoi.ion for an escape, and not by attachment. What are those facts ? That the sheriff, Maltbie, permitted Roberts, who was in custody, under process of attachment, to go at large in all the rooms of the jail with a full knowledge that there was a breach in the walls of one of them, through which the said Roberts could and did escape. The judge below suggested that those allegations presented new facts. We do not think so. They only deny the truth of the sheriff’s return, and do more than the law required, by specifying wherein it was false. But the main inquiry is ; conceding them to be true, and to be so found by the verdict of the jury, upon the issue which was tendered, did it make such a case as would justify the court in granting an attachment ? We hold the aifirmative of this proposition.
The judiciary of 1799 declares that the sheriff shall be liable either to an action on the case, or an attachment for contempt of court, at the option of the party, whenever it shall appear that he hath injured such party, either by false returns, or by neglecting to arrest the defendant, or to levy on his property, or to pay over to the plaintiff, or his attorney, the amount of any sales which shall be made under, or by virtue of, any execution, or any moneys collected by virtue thereof.”— Prince's Digest, “431, sec. 50.
This statute alone, unsupported by anything else, would be conclusive upon the point: for if the facts tendered in the issue were true, Maltbie had yertainly made a false return, to the injury of the party. Moreover, if the act subjects the sheriff to an tttachmenl, for not arresting the defendant, or for neglecting to levy on his property, much more will it adjudge him amenable to that process, for willfully suffering the defendant to escape, when in his custody under an attachment.
But it will be found, we apprehend, that this enactment confers no new rights or remedies, but is declaratory only of the law, as it then stood. It is the duty of a sheriff, and of every other officer, to discharge with fidelity, and to the utmost of his ability, every obligation incumbent upon him. His conscience and oath of office bind him to this extent. It' ht> is delinquent, he incurs a double liability, namely, to the State and to the party injured. With proceedings at the instance of the public, we have qothing to do in this investigation, except to remark that whenever a fule is moved for, an attachment being of a quasi criminal nature, it is in the name of the State. As to the redress of individuals for official default,
If, however, there has been no circumstance of obstinacy or willful negligence, it seems not usual to proceed in this manner, but to leave the party to his ordinary remedy against the sheriff by action.
Can any one doubt for a moment under wffiich of these heads the present case falls, when the prisoner is in custody of the sheriff, unde;: process of attachment for contempt, and he. pretendingly confines him in a jail, knowing that there is a hole in the wall through which he could ami did escape ; and when, too, it is recollected, that he had the authority under the law to remove him to some safe jail in the adjoining counties ? We are aware that much is left to the discretion of the courts in these cases : and that consideration has been pressed upon us with all the zee 1 which the occasion demanded. ' Under the act creating this court, however, we cannot hesitate to control that discretion, whenever in our opinion it has been illegally and improperly exercised.
In this State, under the act of 1840, there is really no excuse for furring over parties to their remedies at law. If the facts admitted in the return are plain, the court will proceed at once to judgment; if they arc intricate and difficult, or disputed, an issue is formed and submitted to r jury, when an opportunity is afforded of fully investigating all the facis and circumstances agreeably to the rules of law, and where each party will have justice meted out to them by the country. If the finding is fot. the officer, the motion against him will of course be arrested. If against him, he is then called on to comply with the order of the court, or be guilty of a contempt for disobedience to its pronounced judgment, for which an attachment will lie.
An attachment sued out against the sheriff is carried to the coroner, who ought duly to return the same, and pay the plaintiff his debt ami costs ; but if the coroner does not return an attachment of contempt against the sheriff, the way to compel a return is to move for an attachment against the coroner, directed to elisors. The coroner of Middlesex not having returned an attachment of contempt against the sheriff, the court granted a peremptory rule (in the first instance) for an attachment against the; coroner, directed to elisors, pursuant to the precedent in Andrews vs. Sharp, Black. Rep. 911; The King vs. Packham and Clarke, 2 Black Rep. 1218. In Ibbotson vs. Tindall, 8 Eng. Com. Law Rep. 279, where the defendant was already in custody when the plaintiff’s capias issued against him, and afterwards escaped, the court refused to set aside an attachment against the sheriff, for not bringing in the body, and to drive the
Here it will be perceived, that the prisoner was removed to London under a writ of habeas corpus, and that while there, he escaped, without the knowledge, consent or participation of the sheriff or under-sheriff, still the court refused to dismiss the. rale for aa attachment, and leave the party to his action ; whereas, in the case under discussion, it was proposed to prove, that the prisoner escaped by the willful neglect of the officer. Indeed, so far as his legal liability was concerned, he might just as well have left the jail-door open. Public policy forbids that the laws of the land should be relaxed in favor of sheriffs and other ministerial officers. If they are prompt and punctual in the performance of the duty required of them, they have nothing to fear, if, on the other hand, they willfully and designedly offend against the laws of the country, and the process of the court, they cannot complain of being visited with the appropriate penalties.
The judgment below must therefore be reversed ; and this is the unanimous opinion of the court.
