Crabapple Lake Parc Community Association, Inc.
Summary judgment is proper when there is no genuine issue of material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. OCGA § 9-11-56 (c). We review a grant or denial of summary judgment de novo and construe the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmovant. Home Builders Assn. of Savannah v. Chatham County,
The relevant facts in the record are not in dispute. On October 19, 1993, Torrey/Lake Parc, L.P. (the “Declarant” or “developer”), the owner of a tract of land in Roswell to be developed into an approximately 260-lot, residential community of single-family housing, recorded a “Declaration of Protective Covenants” for Crabapple in the property records of Fulton County, thereby subjecting the property to be developed, which initially did not include the lake at issue, to the terms of the Declaration.
In August 1994, pursuant to authority granted by the Declaration, the Declarant conveyed to Crabapple and subjected to the Declaration an additional 7.43 acres of land that include a several acre lake, an earthen dam, and additional land below the dam. The property description in the deed references a plat of a subdivision of the development entitled “Crabapple Lake Unit II” that was recorded in the Fulton County property records (the “Crabapple II plat”) at about the same time.
Use of the lake, a portion of which is within the Community, is restricted to Owners of Lake Lots. No ice skating, swimming, water skiing or motorized craft shall be permitted on the Lake. Fishing by Lake Lot Owners is permitted. ... No boat may be left overnight... within twenty-five feet of the high-water mark of the Lake.
On May 31, 1995, Lacey purchased lot 58; on August 28, 2001, Circeo purchased lot 59. Both the Circeo and Lacey deeds state that they are “subject to all easements and restrictions of record, if any” and both deeds incorporate by reference the Crabapple II plat.
In 2008 and 2009, Crabapple engaged in a project to improve the lake and dam area, including landscaping the dam area and making plans to construct a park on the top of the dam for use by all owners in the development. The plans for further improvement include constructing a wooden footbridge over the easement and over the concrete spillway. On February 26, 2008, following a vote of the membership, Crabapple recorded an amendment for Section 6.32 of the Declaration that purported to open access to the lake to all of the lot owners in the development and to provide for access to the lake “from within an easement in the Community” or “from Common Property[
Permitted use of the Lake by 0wners[3 4 ] in the Community shall be limited only to fishing and boating____No other use of the Lake shall be permitted.... Access to the Lake for permitted use shall be from within an easement in the Community or from Common Property adjacent to the Lake. The Owner of any Lake Lot may access the Lake from such Lake Lot.... No boat may be left overnight on a Lake Lot or Common Property within twenty-five feet of the high-water mark of the lake.
(Emphasis supplied.)
Prior to beginning work on the park and foot bridge, Crabapple filed this declaratory judgment action. Crabapple contends that it has an easement across the Circeo and Lacey lots that provides it authority to construct a pathway and bridge to access the dam and lake and to allow all Owners in the association to use the areas for recreational purposes. Crabapple primarily argues that based on the name of the easement as shown on the Crabapple II plat, the relevant easement has two functions — maintenance and access — and that, while Crabapple itself requires the easement for maintenance of the dam and lake, the “access” function gives it authority to allow all members of the community to use the easement to access the lake and dam. Circeo and Lacey stress that at the time the easement was created, only Lake Lot owners had authority to use the lake, and therefore the word “access” in the name of the easement cannot be construed as having granted lake and dam access to the full membership of the association. Rather, as held by the trial court, they contend the easement provides for “access by the community for purposes of maintenance.” Circeo and Lacey argue that such expanded access (as well as any construction on the easement) is prohibited because it would unreasonably
In response to cross-motions for summary judgment, the trial court granted summary judgment in favor of Circeo and Lacey and denied Crabapple’s motion. The trial court held that the 20' Maintenance and Access easement came into existence when the lake was accessible only to Lake Lots, that its scope was determined at that time, and that therefore the lake was a “limited common element” and the easement did not authorize general access to the lake via the easement for all members of the association; that the scope of the easement cannot be extended or expanded after the fact; and that a “community document” provides that no structures may be built on a maintenance easement.
1. Crabapple contends the trial court erred in its rulings, primarily by misapplying the rules of contract construction to the various terms of the Declaration that bear on the nature and scope of the relevant easement. Our application of the rules of construction to the relevant documents, however, is de novo. D. S. Ameri Constr. Corp. v. Simpson,
(a) The only specific information! available regarding the relevant easement is its name: “20' Maintenance & Access Esmt.” We therefore first look to the Declaration to determine whether it provides direction regarding the nature and scope of this easement. The declaration of a homeowner’s association is considered a contract, and we therefore apply the normal rules of contract construction to determine the meaning of the terms therein. Hall v. Town Creek Neighborhood Assn.,
The cardinal rule of construction is to ascertain the intent of the parties. Where the contract terms are clear and unambiguous, the court will look to that alone to find the true intent of the parties. To determine the intent of the parties, all the contract terms must be considered together in arriving at the construction of any part, and a construction upholding the contract in whole and every part is preferred. When the language employed by the parties in their contract is plain, unambiguous, and capable of only one reasonable interpretation the language used must be afforded its literal meaning and plain ordinary words given their usual significance.
(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Municipal Elec. Auth.,
An ambiguity is defined as duplicity, indistinctness, an uncertainty of meaning or expression used in a written instrument, and also signifies of doubtful or uncertain nature; wanting clearness or definiteness; difficult to comprehend or distinguish; of doubtful purport; open to various interpretations. Where ambiguities exist, the court may look outside the written terms of the contract and consider all the surrounding circumstances to determine the parties’ intent. Parol evidence may not be considered unless the written instrument is ambiguous.
(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Id. at 866-867 (1). Finally, covenants are to be interpreted “so as to give a reasonable, lawful and effective meaning to all manifestations of intention by the parties rather than an interpretation which leaves a
Several provisions of the Declaration bear on the question of whether, at the time the lake was conveyed to Crabapple, all members of the association were authorized to access the lake and dam over the Circeo and Lacey easement. First, Section 11.02 of the Declaration has always provided that “Every Owner of a Lot shall have a right and easement of ingress and egress, use and enjoyment in and to the Common Property which shall be appurtenant to and shall pass with the title to each Lot,” subject to certain provisions not applicable here. Second, Section 5.03 of the Declaration shows that when the lake and dam area were transferred to the association, they became Common Property:
The Declarant may transfer or convey to the Association any personal property and any improved or unimproved real property, leasehold, easement or other property interest. Such conveyance shall be accepted by the Association and the property shall thereafter be Common Property to be maintained by the Association for the benefit of all or part of its Members.
(Emphasis supplied.) As shown by the highlighted language, however, the Declaration recognizes that some Common Property might benefit only part of the association membership, yet the association still has the responsibility of maintaining that Common Property. Finally, as shown above, at the time that the lake was conveyed to Crabapple, Section 6.32 of the Declaration limited use of the lake to Lake Lot owners.
Considering these terms together in an attempt to uphold the Declaration in whole and in every part, we agree with the trial court that under the plain meaning of the original Declaration, all members of the association were granted access to all “Common Property” with the exception of the lake and dam, whose use was specifically restricted to Lake Lot owners. Although the Declaration generally grants access to the Common Property to all members, Section 6.32 specifies that the use of the lake was restricted, and the specific clause controls:
If the apparent inconsistency is between a clause that is general and broadly inclusive in character and one that is more limited and specific in its coverage, the latter should generally be held to operate as a modification and pro tanto nullification of the former.
(Citation and punctuation omitted.) Central Ga. Elec. Membership Corp. v. Ga. Power Co.,
On a related point, it is true that “[w]hen a developer sells lots according to a subdivision plat, which has a lake area designated on it, the purchasers [of the lots adjoining the lake] acquire an irrevocable easement in that park, with which the developer may not interfere,” Walker v. Duncan,
Crabapple contends that our conclusion — that under the original Declaration the members of the association do not have a right of access to the lake over the Circeo and Lacey easement — essentially renders meaningless the word “access” in the name to the easement. Crabapple argues that because the Declaration grants Crabapple maintenance easements across the entire development in order that it might maintain the Common Property, which easements automatically provide Crabapple with the right to access all Common Property, Crabapple itself has no need for an “access” easement. Specifically, Section 11.05 of the Declaration provides Crabapple with an express but undefined “Easement for Maintenance”
Declarant hereby expressly reserves a perpetual easement for the benefit of the Association across such portions of the Community, determined in the sole discretion of the Association, as are necessary to allow for the maintenance required under Section 5.01. [6 ] Such maintenance shall be performed with a minimum of interference to the quiet enjoyment to Lots, reasonable steps shall be taken to protect such property, and damage shall be repaired by the Person causing the damage at its sole expense.
At the time the Crabapple II plat was recorded, however, the lake was not a part of the Common Property. It is reasonable to conclude that at that time, the Declarant wanted to ensure that Crabapple had both a right to maintain the lake and dam if it were transferred to the association and a right to access the lake and dam if the lake and dam were not transferred to the association. See generally Gold-Arrow Farms, 276 Ga. App. at 866 (1) (upholding the contract in whole and every part is preferred). This construction is consistent with and supported by all of the other sections of the Declaration discussed above relative to the meaning of the words “maintenance and access” as found on the Crabapple II plat.
Crabapple also argues that although the Declaration originally limited use of the lake to Lake Lot owners, the dam and the area below the dam are not labeled as the “Lake” on the Crabapple II plat; they are therefore fully a part of the Common Property of the development as opposed to the lake, and accordingly, all members of the association should have access to dam areas pursuant to Section 11.02 of the Declaration. Crabapple’s argument is not supported by the record. The plat shows both the word “LAKE” and underneath it the phrase “Common Area” written within the boundaries of the lake itself. It follows that both designations either apply strictly to the lake or to the lake, the dam, and the additional area combined. If both terms apply strictly to the lake, then the words “Common Area” would not apply to the dam and additional area, which would strongly suggest that the dam and additional area are not part of the Common Property. If both terms apply to the entire area deeded to the association, then the entire area is named “Lake” on the plat, and, accordingly, use of the entire area was restricted to Lake Lot owners by Section 6.32 of the original Declaration.
To summarize, at the time that Circeo and Lacey purchased their lots, the full membership of the association did not have authority to access the lake and dam area via the 20' easement shown on the Crabapple II plat. The purpose of the easement was limited to maintenance of and access to the lake by Crabapple itself.
(b) As shown above, in 2008, Crabapple began improvements to the lake and dam, proposed to build a walkway on the Circeo and Lacey easement over the spillway, and amended Section 6.32 of the Declaration to open access to the lake and dam to all Owners, with access to the lake and dam to be provided “from within an easement in the Community” or “from Common Property adjacent to the Lake.” Thus, Crabapple was proposing a change either in the scope of or in the manner, frequency, and intensity of the use of the easement. See generally Herren v. Mitchell Elec. Membership Corp.,
Pretermitting whether the 2008 amendment to Section 6.32 of the Declaration constitutes an impermissible change in the manner, frequency, and intensity of use of the easement, we hold that the amendment constitutes an impermissible change in the scope or character of the original easement as a matter of law. As we have held, the original purpose of the easement was specifically limited to maintenance of and access to the lake by Crabapple. The 2008 changes fundamentally altered the scope or character to a degree that would interfere unreasonably with Circeo’s and Lacey’s enjoyment of their own properties. See generally Restatement (Third) of Property (Servitudes) § 4.10 (2000) (“Unless authorized by the terms of the servitude, the holder is not entitled to cause unreasonable damage to the servient estate or interfere unreasonably with its enjoyment.”). Accordingly, the 2008 changes to the scope of the easement cannot be enforced against Circeo and Lacey.
2. Crabapple also contends that even if use of the Circeo and Lacey easement is limited to Crabapple, the trial court erred in concluding that Crabapple is prohibited from building a permanent structure on the easement, i.e., the wooden walkway/bridge across the spillway. Crabapple contends that its duty to maintain the Common Property includes the right to build a wooden walkway on the easement. The trial court ruled against Crabapple on this claim. We again look to the Declaration.
Section 12.16 provides that Crabapple
may exercise any right or privilege given to it expressly by this Declaration, the Bylaws, the Articles of Incorporation, any use restriction or rule, and every other right or privilege reasonably to be implied from the existence of any right or privilege given to it therein or reasonably necessary to effectuate any such right or privilege.
This provision parallels the applicable law: absent specific limitations, “[t]he grant of an easement impliedly includes the authority to do those things which are reasonably necessary for the enjoyment of the things granted.” (Citation omitted.) Jakobsen,
Circeo and Lacey contend that Section 6.31 of the Declaration prohibits Crabapple from building the bridge. Section 6.31 provides:
No structures of any kind, including, without limitation, decks, fences, storage buildings, docks, or piers shall be • constructed in, on or over any wetland or body of water within the Community.
But Circeo and Lacey have not shown that the spillway is considered a “body of water”; and they have not shown that the lake has been designated as a wetland in accordance with the definition of “wetland” as provided in Section 6.31: “Wetland” is defined as “any area labeled as wetlands on a recorded plat of the Community or otherwise designated as wetlands by the Declarant or the Board of Directors.” There is, however, an issue of fact regarding what is reasonably necessary for the enjoyment of the maintenance and access easement as construed in this opinion, as well as regarding whether the walkway and bridge would cause unreasonable damage to Circeo’s and Lacey’s property or unreasonable interference with Circeo’s and Lacey’s enjoyment of their property. We therefore remand the case to the trial court for further proceedings on that issue.
Judgment affirmed in part and reversed in part, and case remanded with direction.
Notes
Crabapple is an incorporated homeowners association in accordance with the Georgia Property Owners’ Association Act, OCGA § 44-3-220 et seq. The association was previously known as Lake Parc Community Association, Inc. but its name was changed to the present name in 2006.
The plat was first recorded on June 17,1994, and later superseded by a plat recorded on February 16, 1995.
“Common Property” is defined in the Declaration as “any and all real and personal property and easements and other interests therein, together with the facilities... thereon, now or hereafter owned by the Association for the common use and enjoyment of the Owners.” (Emphasis supplied.)
“Owners” are defined in the Declaration as record owners of fee simple title to any Lot in the development.
The Declaration provides for several types of easement, including those captioned as easements for “Encroachment and Overhang,” “Use and Enjoyment,” “Utilities,” “Entry,” “Maintenance,” and others. The Declaration provides, however, that the captions shall not ‘he construed as defining, limiting, extending, or otherwise modifying or adding to the particular Article or Section to which they refer.”
Section 5.01 of the Declaration provides that Crabapple is charged with maintaining and keeping the Common Property in good repair, including “all lakes, dams and appurtenant structures . . . located in or serving the Community”; and, as noted above, the definition of Common Property includes easements. The maintenance “shall include, without limitation, maintenance, repair, and replacement.” And “Community” refers to all of the real property and interests therein in the entire development.