Sheldon, J.
1. The single justice found that the final decree dismissing the bill of Nichols against these defendants, reported in 203 Mass. 551, was entered on the ground of a defect in the preliminary proceedings, and not upon the merits. But it is contended that the entry of the decree “Bill dismissed,” after a hearing upon the merits, is of itself an absolute bar to the maintenance of another bill between the same parties for the same cause of action, and that evidence to show that the decree was entered, not upon the merits, but for some other reason which did require a dismissal of the bill but did not go to the real merits of the case, cannot be received. Reliance for this contention is put mainly upon the cases of Bigelow v. Winsor, 1 Gray, 299, and Foote v. Gibbs, 1 Gray, 412. Some of the language used in those opinions, taken by itself, would support this position. In the first of them, it was said that “ a plea in bar, stating a dismissal of a former bill, is conclusive against a new bill, if the dismissal was upon hearing, and if that dismissal be not, in direct terms, without prejudice.” But in that case, as the opinion goes on to show, the decree in the former suit stated the grounds upon which it was made and thereby showed that it had been entered upon the merits and that the point afterwards sought to be raised had *160been tried and determined in the former suit. The language which we have quoted must be limited to the circumstances thus presented, or it would be the merest dictum. And in the second case nothing more appeared than that the bill, after issued joined, had been dismissed upon the defendants’ motion. There was nothing to indicate that the dismissal had not been made upon the merits. Primâ facie, at least, it is abundantly settled that this would be so. Corbett v. Craven, 193 Mass. 30. But in neither of these cases was it decided, and so far as we have been able to discover it never has been decided in this Commonwealth, that where a bill has been dismissed, though the decree was without qualifying words, evidence either from the record or dehors that record may not be received to show what was the actual ground of the dismissal. Exactly the contrary has been held by this court. In Butchers’ Slaughtering & Melting Association v. Boston, 137 Mass. 186, an action at law, it appeared that before bringing that action the plaintiff had brought a bill in equity against the defendant for the same cause of action, but there had been no further pleadings, and after several continuances the court, by the.agreement of the parties, had entered a decree dismissing the bill with costs. This decree, though entered by consent, was of course no less binding upon the parties in other litigation between themselves as to the same subject matter. C. A. Briggs Co. v. National Wafer Co. 215 Mass. 100, 109. The defendant contended that this decree, not having been made without prejudice or without prejudice to an action at law, was conclusively presumed to have been entered upon the merits. But the court, although citing the cases of Bigelow v. Winsor and Foote v. Gibbs, ubi supra, rejected this contention and said, “A decree dismissing a bill upon a hearing and adjudication of the merits is a bar to another suit, either in equity or at law, between the same parties for the same cause of action. . . . But if a bill is dismissed for some cause not involving an adjudication upon the merits, such as that the plaintiff has an adequate remedy at law, such dismissal is not a bar to an action at law. Foote v. Gibbs, ubi supra. Kempton v. Burgess, 136 Mass. 192. If the record does not show for what cause the bill is dismissed, resort may be had to extrinsic evidence to show this.” To the same effect is the decision in Maxwell v. Clarke, 139 Mass. 112, in which *161a plaintiff at law was allowed to show that a decree dismissing his prior bill in equity was rendered upon the bare ground that he could not come into equity without having first obtained a judgment at law. The only difference between that case and the case at bar is that there the plaintiff could not bring his bill until he had obtained a judgment at law, while here the plaintiff cannot have relief in equity until he has obtained a judgment and made demand upon his execution, and the execution has remained unpaid and unsatisfied for thirty days thereafter. But in each case there is a right to show that the general decree of “Bill dismissed” in the former suit was entered because of the failure to take a preliminary step before coming into equity, and not upon the merits of the claims set out in the bill.
The decision in Nashua & Lowell Railroad v. Boston & Lowell Railroad, 164 Mass. 222, rests upon the same ground, though there it was a decree in favor of the plaintiff which was explained, and the doctrine was carried much further than here is necessary.
In Newburyport Institution for Savings v. Puffer, 201 Mass. 41, it was held that if a decree of “Bill dismissed” might have been entered upon either one of two grounds, evidence could be introduced to show which was the actual ground, and the decree would nót be necessarily conclusive upon all grounds in other litigation between the parties. And the reasoning of the court in Newhall v. Enterprise Mining Co. 205 Mass. 585, Leverett v. Rivers, 208 Mass. 241, and Cote v. New England Navigation Co. 213 Mass. 177, goes in the same direction.
It sufficiently appears by the record of the Nichols case the rescript, which is a part thereof, and the opinion of the court (203 Mass. 551) which is referred to in the rescript, that the decree of “Bill dismissed” was entered by reason of the fact that the execution on which the bill was grounded had been returned too early to the court; so that there was in the preliminary proceedings no sufficient foundation for the bill, and the real merits of the suit were not and could not have been considered.
Nothing in what we have said is at variance with the well settled rule that between the parties and their privies a judgment or final decree upon the merits includes everything that was or might have been litigated in the case as it came before the court. Corbett v. Craven, 193 Mass. 30, and cases cited.
*162It follows that the defense of res judicata cannot be sustained; and the order to that effect made by the single justice must be affirmed.
2. The remedy is not barred by any statute of limitations. The right of action did not arise until the execution against the company had been returned duly to court unsatisfied. Nichols v. Taunton Safe Deposit & Trust Co. 203 Mass. 551. The bill was brought within less than four months after' that time. Even if the suit was for the recovery of a penalty or forfeiture, which we do not intimate, it was brought seasonably. Nor can we say as matter of law that loches such as to prevent the maintenance of the bill is disclosed; and the question of fact is settled by the finding of the single justice made upon evidence which has not been reported.
3. The bill ^originally was brought by a single creditor of the corporation, in behalf of himself and all other creditors, and is now prosecuted by the receiver under the provisions of St. 1905, c. 228. But it is settled by the Nichols case (203 Mass. 551, 555) that the liability of the stockholders is the same as if the suit were still controlled and prosecuted by the single creditor. Moreover the liability of these stockholders is not joint and several, like that created by R. L. c. 110, §§ 58, 59. In this case, the stockholders are “personally liable, equally and ratably and not one for another, for all contracts, debts and engagements of the corporation, to the amount of their stock therein, at the par value thereof, in addition to the amount invested in such shares.” R. L. c. 116, § 30. The rule laid down in Crease v. Babcock, 10 Met. 525, 558, should be followed, and each stockholder must be held for such a sum, not exceeding the par value of his shares, as the amount of the unpaid debts may require, and the liability of those stockholders from whom collection can be enforced is not to be increased to make up for the inability or irresponsibility of other stockholders. Wiswell v. Starr, 48 Maine, 401. Maine Trust & Banking Co. v. Southern Loan & Trust Co. 92 Maine, 444, 453. Matter of Hollister Bank of Buffalo, 27 N. Y. 393. Adkins v. Thornton, 19 Ga. 325, 328. Lease v. Barschall, 106 Fed. Rep. 762. It follows that the amount for which each stockholder is to be held cannot exceed about $30 upon each one of his shares.
*1634. A further question is whether the expenses of the receivership are to be included in the amount to be reckoned against the defendants. This was done in Converse v. Ayer, 197 Mass. 443, 456; but this was because it had been so held by a court in Minnesota under the statute of that State, and that decision was held to be binding upon all the stockholders as parties to the litigation. The general rule is that the expenses of a receivership do not constitute an indebtedness of any of the parties to the suit, but are to be defrayed out of the fund or property in the hands of .the receiver. Richmond v. Irons, 121 U. S. 27, 64. Atlantic Trust Co. v. Chapman, 208 U. S. 360. Beckwith v. Carroll, 56 Ala. 12. Radford v. Folsom, 55 Iowa, 276. Jaffray v. Raab, 72 Iowa, 335. Joslyn v. Athens Coach & Car Co. 43 Minn. 534. But, however that may be, we have seen that the right of the receiver who now prosecutes the suit is the same as that of the creditor by whom it was brought. Plainly that creditor could have a decree only for the actual indebtedness of the corporation; and it necessarily results that the receiver can have nothing more.
The amount for which the stockholders are to be held will be accordingly something less than $30 per share. The report does not give us the means of determining this amount. Probably the parties will be able to agree upon it. If not, it must be found by a single justice.
5. The single justice correctly ruled that the receiver could set off the amount due upon Field’s ten shares against the claim of Field’s estate for the money due from the corporation, but that recovery against his estate was barred otherwise. This requires no discussion.
6. The ruling that White was liable as stockholder was correct. Richmond v. Irons, 121 U. S. 27, 58. Apsey v. Whittemore, 199 Mass. 65.
7. All the stockholders, except Field’s administrator with the will annexed and except those as to whom the bill has been dismissed, appear to be liable, but only in severalty, for the respective amounts proportioned to the number of their shares and to be determined as has been stated. But they are jointly and severally liable for the costs of the suit. Burnap v. Haskins Steam-Engine Co. 127 Mass. 586. A decree will be entered charging each defendant, except as has been stated, with the amount of his in*164dividual liability, and charging them all, with the same exception, with the costs of the suit, executions to issue accordingly. As to Field’s executor, no costs should be allowed to either party.
Decree accordingly.