532 S.E.2d 697 | Ga. Ct. App. | 2000
COX
v.
The STATE.
Court of Appeals of Georgia.
John M. Hatfield, Waycross, for appellant.
Michael D. Devane, Solicitor, for appellee.
*698 MILLER, Judge.
When Leslie Bryan Cox went to his wife's mobile home to persuade her to return to him, she asked him to leave because he had been drinking. He splashed some beer on her clothing, and after she closed the door, he broke the light affixed to her trailer near the door, broke open her outdoor phone jack and unplugged it, and destroyed a small concrete statue she kept in her front yard. At a bench trial he was convicted of family violence battery[1] and criminal trespass.[2] He enumerates as error the sufficiency of the evidence and the State's failure to establish that he knowingly waived his right to a jury trial. We find merit in these contentions and reverse.
1. Construing the evidence in favor of the convictions, could a rational trier of fact have found, beyond a reasonable doubt, each of the elements of the charged crimes?[3] We hold that the evidence relative to the battery conviction does not meet this standard, whereas the evidence relative to the trespass conviction does.
Under OCGA § 16-5-23.1(a) and (f), a person commits the offense of family violence battery when he intentionally causes substantial physical harm or visible bodily harm to a spouse. Here the State contended that Cox threw beer in his wife's face, causing her physical pain. Both the victim and Cox testified otherwise, stating only that some beer was splashed on her clothes.[4] Because there was no evidence of any pain or harm, the battery conviction fails.
With regard to trespass, OCGA § 16-7-21(a) criminalizes the intentional destruction of another person's property (without that person's consent), which results in damage to the property of $500 or less. Cox correctly points out that absent evidence as to whether the amount of damage done was more or less than $500, a criminal trespass conviction generally cannot stand.[5] But an exception exists where the evidence shows that the damage was to everyday objects, for then the trier of fact can form its own estimates of value and damage.[6] The light affixed to the trailer was an everyday object, which authorized the judge to estimate the damage done to it.[7] Thus, the evidence sufficed to sustain the criminal trespass conviction.
2. Nevertheless, as conceded by the State, we must reverse the trespass conviction on the ground that no evidence showed that Cox intelligently and voluntarily waived his right to a jury trial. The record is undisputed that on the day of arraignment Cox, appearing pro se, was asked how he pled, to which he replied, "Not guilty." The prosecutor then placed a form sheet in front of Cox, telling him it constituted his "not guilty" plea and instructing him to sign it, which Cox did. In fact, the form sheet also purported to waive Cox's right to trial by jury, and a bench trial immediately ensued once he signed. Because this was the only evidence of Cox voluntarily waiving his right to a jury trial, and because the State concedes that there was no knowing and intelligent waiver, reversal is mandated.[8]
In summary, we reverse the battery conviction on the general grounds.[9] The trespass *699 conviction is reversed for failure to inform Cox of his right to a jury trial, and the case is remanded for further proceedings.[10]
3. Remaining enumerations of error are not likely to recur on retrial.
Judgments reversed and remanded with direction.
POPE, P.J., and SMITH, J., concur.
NOTES
[1] OCGA § 16-5-23.1(f).
[2] OCGA § 16-7-21(a).
[3] See Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979).
[4] An officer's hearsay testimony that she told him that Cox threw beer in her face was not admitted as part of the res gestae and consequently had no probative value. See Jones v. State, 271 Ga. 516, 517(2), 520 S.E.2d 454 (1999); compare Brinson v. State, 208 Ga.App. 556(1), 430 S.E.2d 875 (1993).
[5] Matthews v. State, 224 Ga.App. 407, 409(2), 481 S.E.2d 235 (1997); see Johnson v. State, 156 Ga.App. 411, 413(2), 274 S.E.2d 778 (1980).
[6] Mallory v. State, 164 Ga.App. 569, 570(2), 298 S.E.2d 290 (1982); see Matthews, supra, 224 Ga.App. at 409(2), 481 S.E.2d 235.
[7] Cf. Jones v. State, 236 Ga.App. 716, 717(1), 513 S.E.2d 254 (1999) (jury could estimate the value of a door to a residence).
[8] See Pirkle v. State, 221 Ga.App. 657, 472 S.E.2d 478 (1996); Payne v. State, 217 Ga.App. 386, 387, 460 S.E.2d 297 (1995).
[9] See Dinning v. State, 267 Ga. 879, 880, 485 S.E.2d 464 (1997).
[10] Kirkland v. State, 202 Ga.App. 356, 358(1), 414 S.E.2d 502 (1991).