Jоan H. COX, Individually, and as Widow and Personal Representative of the Estate of Brian J. Cox, Deceased; and as Mother and Legal Guardian of Brian Justin-Tyler Cox, a minor, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. COUNTY OF PRINCE WILLIAM; Charlie T. Deane, Individually and as Chief, Prince William County Police Department; James Ford, Individually and in his Official Capacity as a Police Officer; Mark J. Harman, Individually and in his Official Capacity; Robert C. Shaul, Individually and in his Official Capacity, Defendants-Appellees, and Prince William County Sheriff‘s Department; Prince William County Police Department; Mark Hamill, Individually and in his Official Capacity as a Police Officer; John Does 1-10, Supervisors and Trainers at the Prince William County Police Department; John Does, 11-20, Individually and in their Official Capacities as Policе Officers in the Prince William County Police Department, Defendants.
No. 00-2159
United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit
Argued March 1, 2001. Decided May 4, 2001.
249 F.3d 295
V.
In examining each constituent part of the officers’ qualified immunity claim, we do not lose sight of the possible inference from the evidence that Rogers’ arrest was motivated by the officers’ anger at his “irreverent” refusal to consent to their search. In short, crediting Rogers’ version of disputed factual issues, as we must, it appears that this may not be a case in which pоlice officers acting in good faith made a “bad guess” in a confusing area of the law, but instead, may be a case in which police officers, angered by a homeowner‘s correct statement of his legal rights and refusal to permit a search which was clearly illegal absent his consent, arrested a homeowner in a fit of pique. The officers now seek to justify their arrest with an implausible reading of cases establishing a simple right to approach a home to speak to the owner without a warrant, assertions that verbal objection to an illegal search is an independently arrestable offense, and claims that a suspect was intoxicated in public when it is disputed whether he was intoxicated and the clear evidence indicates that he was not in public. The police do not have a right to arrest citizens for refusing to consent to an illegal search. The decision of the district court is therefore affirmed.
AFFIRMED.
Before KING and GREGORY, Circuit Judges, and HAMILTON, Senior Circuit Judge.
GREGORY, Circuit Judge:
Joan Cox, individually and as widow and personal representative of the Estate of Brian J. Cox, and as mother and legal guardian of Brian Justin-Tyler Cox, a minor (“Appellant“), appeals thе district court‘s order granting summary judgment to the Appellees on her claims of excessive force pursuant to
I.
On December 12, 1997, the Appellant and her husband, Brian Cox had an argument after driving home from a party. After Cox struck the Appellant, she left with the keys and drove to a friend‘s house. Locked out, Cox proceeded to break into his home by breaking a rear window. Cox, who was intoxicated at the time, went straight to bed, taking a rifle to bed with him. The Appellant speculates that the rifle was for protection in light of the broken back window.
At approximately midnight, Adam Conrath, the Cox‘s next door neighbor, telephoned the Prince William County police to report that his wife had heard the sound of breaking glass at the Cox residence. Conrath stated that a light inside the residence had then been turned off and thаt he saw that a window in the rear of the house had been pushed up. Conrath further reported that there was no car in the Cox driveway, which was unusual for that time of night.
The police dispatcher sent out an alert over the radio for a suspected burglary in progress. Officers Mark J. Harman and Nathan J. Jones responded to the call, arriving at apprоximately 12:05 a.m. Harman went to the front of the residence, a unit in a row of townhouses, and Jones approached from the back. At the back of the residence, Jones observed that the Venetian blind to one of the second level windows was disturbed or broken with a screen missing. Jones spoke or motioned to someone standing at the window of the Conrath residence and inquired whether anyone had exited the window; he received a negative response. Meanwhile, Officers Sandra J. Conlon and Stephen C. Mercer arrived on the scene. Conlon joined Jones at the rear of the residence and Mercer went to the front where Harman was stationed.
While waiting for a canine unit to arrive, Harman went back to his squad car and telephoned Communications and the Conrath residence in an attempt to obtain additional information about the residence, including the names of the residents. Although Harman attempted to obtain a tele-
Officer James Ford arrived with a police canine at approximately 12:30 a.m. Officers Harman and Jones climbed through the broken window in the rear of the residence and proceeded directly and quickly through the front door, leaving it open behind them. Before entering the residence to conduct a search with the canine, Jones and Ford noticed what they took to be broken automobile glass on the driveway of the Cox residence. Ford then stood at the entrance and shouted three identical loud announcements into the residence with pauses between them: “Police canine. Speak to me now or I‘ll turn the dog loose!” After one of these announcеments, Ford thought he heard movement inside the residence, but Harman believed the movement came from the Conrath residence next door. The warnings were heard by the Conraths from inside their townhouse and by a neighbor 100 yards away who came out to his front porch after hearing the warnings. Cox, however, did not respond to these announcements. Ford entered the Cox residence with his canine on lead, accompanied by Harman and Jones.
Jones stationed himself at the top of the staircase to the basement. After searching the main level, Harman followed Ford and his canine upstairs. Near the top of the stairs, Harman saw a man (later identified as Cox) lying on a bed in a room across the hallwаy from the stairs. Cox did not respond to additional police announcements made at the top of the stairs. The officers entered his bedroom with Ford maintaining the canine on lead. Both of the officers were dressed in uniform with identifying badges and markings.
Inside the bedroom, Ford and his canine remained at the foot of the bed, while Harman took up a position at the right side of the bed near the foot. According to the officers, Cox was lying on his left side with his left arm underneath him and his right arm extended in front of him with at least one of his hands concealed by the bedcovers. He was lying across the length of the bed, about three-quarters down from the head, on a slight diagonal, with his eyes closed, facing towards the bedroom door. Cоx was wearing a white t-shirt and boxer shorts and remained motionless.
Ford testified that he yelled out “hey” in another attempt to get Cox to respond. After Cox failed to respond, Ford and Harman switched places with Ford and the canine assuming a position at the right side of the bed. The canine was reportedly barking ferociously approximately one and a half feet from Cox‘s head. The officers testified that Harman slowly and methodically reached out to touch or tap the bottom of Cox‘s foot in a continued attempt to rouse him. The Appellant, however, claims that Harman struck the top of Cox‘s left foot with a blunt object such as his flashlight, hard enough to leave a bruise.
Harman testified that he wаs studying the colored tattoo on Cox‘s right leg at this time when his attention was diverted by the sound of Ford yelling at Cox to put his hands up. Cox brought a rifle up from underneath the covers, pointing it in the direction of Ford and yelling “AHHHHHH.” Ford removed his service weapon from its holster and started shooting at Cox. Harman, who already had his weapon drawn, also started shooting becаuse he thought Cox was going to kill Ford. At least one of the shots went through Cox‘s right wrist, splitting the wooden stock of the rifle as he held it in a
The Appellant filеd a complaint in the district court, alleging excessive force pursuant to
II.
We review a district court‘s grant of summary judgment de novo. Higgins v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., 863 F.2d 1162, 1167 (4th Cir.1988). Summary judgment is appropriate only if there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
A.
We first address whether the officers’ use of deadly forcе was justified under the circumstances. The constitutional right at issue in this case involves the Fourth Amendment‘s prohibition against unreasonable seizures. The Supreme Court has held that “all claims that law enforcement officers have used excessive force—deadly or not—in the course of an arrest, investigatory stop, or other ‘seizure’ of a free citizen should be analyzed under the Fourth Amendment and its ‘reasonableness’ standard.” Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 395, 109 S.Ct. 1865, 104 L.Ed.2d 443 (1989).
In assessing an excessive force claim under the Fourth Amendment, we apply an objective reasonableness standard: “the question is whether the officers’ actions are ‘objectively reasonable’ in light of the facts and circumstances confronting them, without regard to their undеrlying intent or motivation.” Id. at 397, 109 S.Ct. 1865. “A police officer may use deadly force when the officer has sound reason to believe that a suspect poses a threat of serious physical harm to the officer or others.” Elliott v. Leavitt, 99 F.3d 640, 642 (4th Cir.1996) (citing Tennessee v. Garner, 471 U.S. 1, 105 S.Ct. 1694, 85 L.Ed.2d 1 (1985)). A reviewing court must keep in mind that “police officers are often forced to make split-second judgments—in circumstances that are tense, uncertain, and rapidly evolving.” Graham, 490 U.S. at 397, 109 S.Ct. 1865. We must therefore judge reasonableness from the “perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene, rather than with the 20/20 vision of hindsight.” Id. at 396, 109 S.Ct. 1865.
B.
The Appellant, however, claims that Harman aggressively struck Cox‘s foоt as he lay sleeping, an action that amounted to an unconstitutional use of excessive force as well as a violation of nationally accepted police procedures. The Appellant further claims that Cox‘s subsequent death was a foreseeable result of this alleged constitutional violation. Accordingly, she contends that the officers’ actions as a whole were not objectively reasonable under the Fourth Amendment.
Because there was no eyewitness testimony at the scene other than the investigating officers, the Appellant presents very little evidence in support of her claim that Harman aggressively struck Cox‘s foot. The Appellant‘s strongest evidence is the existence of a bruise on the top of Cox‘s left foot. Although the bruise was not noted on the autopsy report, private investigators Larry Bailey and John Hickey were present at the autopsy and photographed the bruise. The Appellant‘s medical expert, Jack Daniel, reviewed the photograph and testified that the rоunded bluish discoloration and slight swelling on Cox‘s foot “is consistent with a hematoma due to blunt impact.”
Although the Appellees question the very existence of such a bruise, we take the facts in the light most favorable to the Appellant and assume that Cox had a bruise on the top of his left foot for purposes of our analysis. We find, however, that there is no evidence, beyond mere speculation, to suggest that Harman caused the bruise through the application of unconstitutional excessive force. Because the Appellant “cannot create a genuine issue of material fact through mere speculation or the building of one inference upon another,” Beale, 769 F.2d at 214, we find that she failed to present sufficient evidence to withstand summary judgment.
Moreover, even if Harman caused the bruise in an attempt to rouse Cox, we find that striking him on the foot under these circumstances was not an unconstitutional use of force. It is undisputed that Cox remained unresponsive even while a police canine ferociously barked less than two feet from his heаd. The officers had also made several loud announcements and failed to receive any response from Cox. For all the officers knew, Cox may have been sick or even dead. Faced with this situation, we simply cannot conclude that striking Cox on the foot to provoke a
C.
We therefore conclude that the officers’ use of deаdly force in response to an immediate and serious threat to their safety was reasonable under the standard set forth in Graham v. Connor. Upon waking Cox, it is undisputed that he rose from the covers and pointed a rifle directly at Officer Ford. “The Fourth Amendment does not require police officers to wait until a suspect shoots to confirm that a serious threat of harm exists.” Elliott, 99 F.3d at 643. Accordingly, we find that the officers’ use of force was justified under the circumstances presented in this case. Because we find that there was no underlying constitutional violation, we find it unnecessary to reach the issue of qualified immunity.
III.
Because the officers did not commit any constitutional violation in using deadly force against Cox, we also find that the district сourt correctly granted summary judgment and dismissed the Appellant‘s claims against Lt. Shaul, Police Chief Deane, and Prince William County. “In the absence of any underlying use of excessive force, ... liability cannot be placed on either the non-shooting officers, a supervisor, or the City.” Hinkle v. City of Clarksburg, 81 F.3d 416, 420 (4th Cir.1996).
IV.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the order of the district court.
AFFIRMED.