Adam Arnsmann and Sophia, his wife, conveyed land by warranty deed to their son John Arnsmann. The consideration stated in the deed was $500. John Arnsmann and his wife within an hour afterwards reconveyed the land to Sophia Arnsmann, by warranty deed. The consideration stated in this deed was $500.
Certain judgment creditors of John Arnsmann had executions issued on their judgments and levied on said land, and the sheriff was about to sell the land upon said executions as the property of John Arnsmann. These judgments had been obtained before the making of said deeds ; the executions were issued after the making of the deeds.
Adam Arnsmann, in order to provide for his wife, made ■said conveyance to John, upon the express trust that he should reconvoy the land to said Sophia; the consideration expressed in the deeds was merely nominal. The only consideration of the deed of Adam and Sophia was John’s promise to hold the land in trust and reconvey it to Sophia.
Adam Arnsmann and wife brought this suit against the sheriff, and the judgment creditors, stating in their complaint the facts aforesaid, and that the sale of the land would produce irreparable injury to said Sophia, not to be compensated in damages, and praying that the sale might be perpetually .enjoined and Sophia’s title quieted, and for all ■other proper relief. John Arnsmann was made a defendant and was defaulted. The other defendants demurred to the ■complaint for want of facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action. Exceptions were taken to the overruling of the demurrers. Answers were filed in denial. The cause was tried by the court without a jury, and a special finding was made, and the conclusions of law were stated separately. 'The finding and the conclusions of law were in favor of the plaintiffs. The defendants, except John Arnsmann, excepted to the conclusions of law and moved for a new trial. The motion for a new trial was overruled, and exception was taken thereto. Judgment was rendered upon the finding in accordance with the prayer of the complaint, and the ■defendants appealed.
The only assignments of error which are discussed in the brief of the appellants are the second, fifth and sixth. The ■sixth alleges error in the judgment, as embracing land not described in the complaint, but that was not made the subject of any special objection, or motion to modify. It was one of the reasons alleged for the motion for a new trial, and even if it were true in point of fact, which it is not, it would present no question for the decision of this court. Merritt v. Pearson, ante, p. 44. Under the remaining assignments, the appellants claim that the complaint does not state sufficient facts to constitute a cause of action ; that the finding was wrong, and that parol evidence was not admissible
1st. If A. and his wife convey land to B. without other consideration than the promise of B. that he will immediately reconvey the land to A.’s wife, can the prior judgment creditors of B., after he has reconveyed the land to A.’s wife, .sell the land as B.’s property under executions issued on their judgments?
2d. Can such promise of B. be proved by parol?
As to the first of these questions : Leasehold estates, although bound by a judgment, Practice Act, sec. 526, are personal property. Meni v. Rathbone, 21 Ind. 454. A similar question has already been decided as to them. In Hollingsworth v. Trueblood, 59 Ind. 542, it was held that where A. takes a lease agreeing to hold it as trustee for B., it can not be sold on an execution against A. Such a lease is not within the statute. 1 R. S. 1876, p. 915, sec. 1, which declares that “No trust concerning lands, except such as may arise by implication of law, shall be created, unless in writing, signed by the party creating the same, or by his attorney, thereto lawfully authorized in writing.”
Trusts arising by implication of law are sometimes called resulting trusts, and they arise in three classes of cases only. See Lloyd v. Spillet, 2 Atk. 148, 150. And the law never implies a trust where there is an express one. 2 Washb. Eeal Prop. 470. The trust in the present case, being an express trust in relation to land, can not be proved by parol without violating the statute, unless there is some equitable rule of construction which takes such a case out of the statute. There are in equity certain trusts called constructive trusts, which do not arise by implication of law. They are not resulting trusts, but are said to be in the nature of resulting trusts. Perry Trusts, secs. 240, 241. Thus, equity will l'aise a constructive trust to prevent a fraud. 2 Washb. Real Prop. 476. And wherever property is acquired by fraud, or where, though
These cases do not differ in principle from the case at bar. It was always held that the statute of frauds would not be permitted to accomplish a fraud. Our statute of trusts above referred to, 1 R. S. 1876, p. 915, is, in its first section, substantially a re-enactment of the seventh section of the statute of frauds. 29 Charles 2, ch. 23. It therefore will not be permitted to accomplish a fraud. If, by virtue ■of this section, John Arnsmann were permitted to hold the property as his own, his father and mother would lose their property by fraud. To prevent that result, equity raises a constructive trust in John Arnsmann, for the benefit of his mother, pursuant to the agreement by which he obtained the deed for the propei’ty, and permits that trust to be proved by parol. In Tinkler v. Swaynie, 71 Ind. 562, it was said by Woods, J.: “It has often been held that the statute of frauds shall not be made an instrument of fraud, and in similar cases the same rule must be applied to the statute of trusts and powers.” ■ And, again, “there are many adjudicated cases where impartial voluntary performance of ver
These cases show, that, while John Arnsmann held the', title to the property in controversy, he held it in trust for Sophia Arnsmann. Property so held in trust can not be sold on execution for the debts of the trustee, although it maybe so sold for the debts of the cestui que trust. Prac. Act, sec. 526; Bates v. Spooner, 45 Ind. 489, 492; Shryock v. Waggoner, 28 Pa. St. 430.
The conveyance by John Arnsmann to Sophia Arnsmann gave her a valid title as against his creditors. The complaint was sufficient, the finding of the court below was. right, and the parol evidence was properly admitted. The-judgment of the court below ought to be affirmed.
Per Curiam. — It is therefore ordered, upon the foregoing opinion, that the judgment of the court below be, and,the-same is hereby, in all things affirmed, at the costs of the-appellants.