93 Ky. 156 | Ky. Ct. App. | 1892
DELIVERED THE OPINION OF THE COURT.
The question in this case is whether appellant, Cowan, or appellee, Prowse, was legally elected clerk of the Christian county court, at the August election, 1890.
A ceording to face of the poll-books, the latter received a majority of votes cast, obtained a certificate of election, and took possession of the office. But the contesting board decided that ninety-two of three thousand two hundred and fifteen votes recorded for him were illegal, while seventy-three of three thousand two hundred and ten votes recorded for Cowan were illegal, and as a result, the latter had received a majority of the legal votes cast, and was duly elected to the office. Upon appeal to the circuit court, however, that decision was reversed, the
It appears that in the notice of contest, and also in the response and counter-notice, the legality of numerous, votes recorded was put in question upon grounds stated by the parties respectively and a large number of depositions taken and read before the contesting board, the decision of which was not made until January 21, 1891. And a preliminary question thus arises, whether depositions taken after that decision was rendered, but before the ensuing term of the circuit court, to which each party excepted, were properly excluded on trial of the appeal.
Under section 4, article 7, chapter 33, General Statutes, the judge of the county court and two justices of the peace nearest the court-house constitute a board for determining contested election of an officer elective by voters of a county or district therein. Section 6 gives to any person in interest right of appeal from a decision of the board to the circuit court, and from there to the Court of Appeals, as in other cases. Section 7 is as follows :
“ A copy of the decision and the original papers and depositions used in the contest shall be filed by the board in the circuit court. The proof shall he taken in depositions- and no oral evidence shall he heard on the trial of the appeal..”
And section 9 provides that “ the appeal shall be placed on the equity docket and tried in equity as in other actions.”
In the same article a board is provided for to determine contested election of any officer, other than Governor or Lieutenant Governor, elective by voters of the whole State, or a judicial district thereof. But substantially the
There is, however, an important difference in the provisions applicable to the two boards in that an appeal is allowed from a decision of the county board only. And hence, the special provision in section 7 that “ the proof must be taken in depositions and no oral evidence shall be heard on trial of the appeal.” But it does not seem to us it was thereby intended to authorize depositions to be taken at the will of the parties after final decision of the contesting board ; for clearly the Legislature did not contemplate those used by the board, and in express terms of that section required to be filed in the circuit court, would be arbitrarily discarded and the parties thus needlessly forced to prepare anew for trial of the appeal.
Sub-section 1, section 5, in terms restricts a contestant to the grounds of contest stated in his original notice; yet ample time is allowed in which to sustain them by proof in depositions, upon trial by the contesting board. And, although the statute does not expressly require it, still it is not only plainly just, but was manifestly intended, that if the incumbent files a response relying upon other grounds to defeat the contestant than his prima facie 'right.to the office, which was done in this case, he must specifically state them and be likewise restricted; for subsection 3 authorizes him as well as the contestant to proceed to take proof in depositions immediately after notice of contest.
Section 726, Civil Code, relates exclusively to appeals from judgment of certain courts of inferior jurisdiction, and as evidence heard on trial of an action in such courtis oral, an appeal therefrom is properly required to be docketed and stand for trial in the circuit court as an ordinary action, and has necessarily to be “ tried anew as if no j udgment had been rendered. ” But that section has no application, even by analogy, to an appeal from the decision of a contesting, board on a trial upon which as well as on trial of an appeal therefrom evidence taken in depositions only can be heard. The circuit court might grant leaA'e to either party to supply material and necessary proof that the contesting board had erroneously denied a reasonable opportunity to procure ; but the depositions in question not being so taken were properly excluded.
1. The lower court adjudged recorded votes illegal, as follows:
First, Forty for ProAvse and thirty-two for Cowan cast . out of districts in which the voters severallyresided; second, four for ProAvse and three for CoAvan of persons nonresident of the State or not resident long enough; third,
Exceptions were taken by the parties respectively as to many of the votes so adjudged illegal, and also on account of refusal of the court to exclude many others, challenged upon similar grounds. But as no question of law is involved in any of the very large number of such cases, except as hereafter indicated, and there is evidence conducing to support the finding of fact by the court as to each of them, we think it should not be disturbed by this court,’ especially as it agrees with the finding of the contesting board, except as to two votes whereby the parties were alike affected.
2. The contesting board found two votes recorded for Prowse illegal, because the voters had not registered as required by “An act to provide for the registration of voters in county of Christian,” approved April 16, 1890, and three others for him illegal because fraudulently registered.
The constitutionality of such statute is not an open question in this State; it having been expressly held in Commonwealth v. McClelland, 85 Ky., 686, that legislative power exists to enact a registration law either local or general in its operation, and counsel do not indicate any provisions in that act by which conditions unreasonable or illegal in any respect were imposed upon those having the right to vote at the election held in Christian county,
Exception was taken to the decision as to one vote recorded for Cowan, upon the grouud he had not registered at all, and to three others who registered at one voting place and voted at another, in the same precinct or district. Whether the first-mentioned person registered or not is a question of fact decided by the court affirmatively, and for the reasons heretofore indicated, we will not undertake to revise that decision. It appears that by a special act of the Legislature, an additional voting place had, previous to the registration act, been established in each of two existing precincts, the boundaries of which had not however been changed. But it does not seem to us the latter act fairly construed makes the legality of a vote cast in the precinct of the voter’s residence depend upon it having been recorded at the identical voting place in that precinct where he registered.
Another ground of exception is, that some of the voters registered after the time of day prescribed by law; and in that connection wo will consider an objection made to other votes upon the ground they were cast and recorded
3. Another one beside the four votes adjudged illegal, was challenged upon the ground the person casting it was of foreign birth, and not naturalized. It is shown by the record that in 1870, he appeared in open court and filed declaration of his intention to become a citizen of the United States, at the same time making oath that in 1861 he enlisted in the marine service of the United States, .and was honorably discharged therefrom in 1864. He also there made oath to support the Constitution of the United States and renounced and abjured allegiance to any foreign Prince, Potentate, State and sovereignty whatever, and particularly that of King William, of Holland, where he was born. At the same time appeared two witnesses who testified he was á man of goofll moral character. And he has ever since resided, and exercised without question the right of suffrage, in this State.
The statute authorized an alien who has enlisted in the .army, or by construction, navy, and been honorably discharged therefrom, to become a citizen of the United States without any previous declaration of his intention to become such, upon taking the oath of allegiance and of abjuration of allegiance to any other sovereignty, provided the court admitting 'him be satisfied by competent proof of such person having been honorably discharged from the service of the United States, of his good moral •character, and previous residence of one year.
4. But we think the votes cast for Cowan by the two persons alleged to have been bribed ought not to be counted. The contesting board refused to strike from the list the name of ^¿ther of them upon the ground there had not been a judgment of conviction for the offense; while the circuit court held, in substance, that although it would he proper to discard votes of such persons, upon proof of the offense, their own testimony should never be credited. Neither position is tenable. Of course a verdict and judgment must precede the punishment of fine and exclusion from office and suffrage,, which section 11, article 12, chapter 88, General Statutes provides a person shall suffer who is guilty of receiving a bribe for his vote at an election; but it has never been doubted that a vote obtained by direct pecuniary or other valuable consideration is a bad vote, and ought to be
It may be true, as said by the lower court, that a person who testifies he, for a bribe, corruptly cast his vote,, thereby affords indubitable evidence of his own infamy but it does not necessarily follow his testimony should be in every case discredited. One of the offenders only testified; but he stated that, intending to vote for Prowse,* he and the other, for the consideration of five dollars-paid to each of them, voted for Cowan, and gave the name of the person who made the bargain with and directed them where to go in order to get the money also the name of the person who, in pursuance of the-bargain, paid it to them. It is idle to say two persons-thus implicated would not have contradicted and shown the falsity of that statement if they could have truthfully done so; as it would be unreasonable to discredit, testimony, the truth of which is thus demonstrated.
5. Five votes recorded for Prowse were adjudged illegal because the persons who cast them had been convicted of felonies prior' to the election. Whether those votes-were properly held illegal depends upon article' 8, section 4 of the Constitution, and the statute enacted in pursuance of it. That section is as follows: “ Laws shall be made to exclude from office and from suffrage those who-shall be thereafter convicted of bribery, perjury, forgery or other crimes or high misdemeanors.” The statute-provides that “ any person convicted of robbery, fogery,-. counterfeiting, bribery or perjury, or other like crime, shall forfeit his right of suffrage and his right to hold office.” (Section 15, article 12, chapter 33, General Statutes.)
As to the offenses of which three of the persons were
The offenses of which the other two were convicted :are malicious shooting and malicious cutting, both made "by statute felonies, and, therefore, properly classed as crimes or high misdemeanors in meaning of the Constitution. It will, however, be seen that the language of it is somewhat different from that of the statute .in two respects: first, only bribery, perjury and forgery are in terms designated in the Constitution, while in the statute the additional crimes of robbery and counterfeiting are named; second, the alternative words of the Constitution .are “ other crimes or high misdemeanors,” while those of the statute are “ other like crimes; ” and construing the latter by itself a fair inference would be, the Legislature intended to exempt from its operation such crimes as malicious cutting or shooting, and even murder, rape and •arson. But, although the section of the Constitution quoted is not self-executing, it is plain and imperative. Consequently a reasonable presumption arises that the Legislature intended such meaning and effect should be given to the language of the statute as necessary to faithfully and strictly obey and carry out that mandate.
In Jones v. Board of Registrars, 56 Miss., 766, where the precise question before us arose, it was held that the •effect of a pardon by the President of the United States was to restore a person convicted in a Federal Court to 'the right of suffrage, from which he • would' have been
It has been also substantially recognized by this court.. (Mount v. Commonwealth, 2 Duv., 94.)
6. Another exception by appellee Prowse relates to-three votes alleged to have been cast for him that were-not recorded; two recorded for Cowan not cast for either of them; and two others who, it is contended, voted for Prowse, but were recorded and counted for Cowan. It seems to us it would be a dangerous precedent for a court to undertake to add to the record and count votes it does not show were cast; and not less so to take from the-record votes it shows were actually cast.
In Anderson v. Winfree, 85 Ky., 597, it was held that when, in case of voting viva voce, it can be made to-appear, by oral testimony, the vote of a person cast for a candidate was by mistake of the clerk recorded for his opponent, such mistake ought to be corrected; but if the proof is doubtful, the record made by the clerk ought to stand. Though the evidence in such case may be entirely satisfactory that a mistake was made, it does not necessarily follow it was committed by the clerk, for the voter may himself have inadvertently called, or presented to-the officer of election, the name of the candidate he did not really intend to vote for, and if so the record ought not to be changed. But whether the alleged mistake as-to the two votes under consideration was made by the clerk is a question of fact, like that made by the parties respectively and argued at length by counsel in regard to*
7. It appears the contesting board decided thirty-six votes recorded for Prowse and twenty-five recorded for ■Cowan, illegal, because cast out of precincts in which the voters severally resided, notwithstanding the right was assumed by it to have been exercised in each case under color of orders of the county court. But that decision was wholly reversed by the circuit court for the reason stated in the judgment, and now urged by counsel, that the county court had general jurisdiction conferred by statute to change voting precincts of the county, and consequently, orders made from time to time for that purpose can not be questioned collaterally.
Section 5, article 2 of the former Constitution provided that the General Assembly should divide each county of the Commonwealth into convenient election precincts, or might delegate power to do so to such county authorities as designated by law. And in pursuance thereof power has been given by statute to county courts to change election precincts and voting places. Consequently they may be treated as having general jurisdiction of the subject. But a distinction must be observed between an order of court changing the boundary line of a precinct, •or place of voting therein, which is presumed to have been made in every case for public convenience, and in strict compliance with the statute, and arbitrarily transferring the voting place of a person from one precinct to another without an actual and definite change of the division line
While it is not indispensable for precinct lines to be fixed by instrumental survey and- measurement, they should be so fully and clearly described by roads, watercourses, adjacent farms, or tracts of land or other known objects, as that their true location will be certain, or capable of being made certain. For not only is it a matter of public concern that votes be legally east, but the Constitution makes no distinction between the full and certain enjoyment of the right of free suffrage by every one entitled to vote, and the absolute and unquestioned security of any other right. And to render transfer of the voting place of a person valid, it is necessary not merely that the division line between precincts be so changed as to include his place of residence, but that the new line be made as definite and certain as was the original line. But an order that transfers the voting place of a person by changing
Adding eight votes to the fifty-one adjudged by the lower court illegal, makes fifty-nine illegal votes to be ■deducted from the whole number of three thousand two ■hundred and fifteen recorded for Prowse, leaving three
Judgment affirmed.