253 S.E.2d 2 | N.C. Ct. App. | 1979
Ngoc Ming Thi COURTNEY
v.
Philip Gerald COURTNEY.
Court of Appeals of North Carolina.
*4 Barrington, Jones, Witcover & Carter, by Jack E. Carter, Fayetteville, for plaintiff appellee.
Clark, Shaw, Clark & Bartelt, by Robert H. Bartelt, Fayetteville, for defendant appellant.
CARLTON, Judge.
Defendant's primary contention is that the judgment of the Texas court is not entitled, as a matter of law, to full faith and credit in the courts of North Carolina. He argues that the Texas court had no jurisdiction to affect title to realty located in North Carolina, that the judgment is in contravention of the laws and policies of North Carolina and Texas, and that there was fraud in the procurement of the judgment.
Under the provisions of Article IV, § 1 of the United States Constitution it is required that full faith and credit be given to a judgment of a court of another state. Thrasher v. Thrasher, 4 N.C.App. 534, 167 S.E.2d 549 (1969), cert. denied 275 N.C. 501 (1969); Thomas v. Frosty Morn Meats, 266 N.C. 523, 146 S.E.2d 397 (1965).
A judgment of a court of another state, however, may be attacked in North Carolina, but only upon the grounds of lack of jurisdiction, fraud in the procurement, or as being against public policy. 2 Strong, N.C.Index 3d, Constitutional Law, § 26, p. 247; In re Blalock, 233 N.C. 493, 64 S.E.2d 848 (1951); Howland v. Stitzer, 231 N.C. 528, 58 S.E.2d 104 (1950). There is a presumption in favor of the validity of the judgment of a court of another state, and therefore the burden to overcome such presumption rests upon the party attacking the judgment. 1 Lee, N.C.Family Law 3d, § 92, p. 353.
It is a well-established principle that a local sovereignty by itself, or its judicial agencies, can alone adjudicate upon and determine the status of land within its borders, including its title and incidents and the mode in which it may be conveyed. McRary v. v. McRary, 228 N.C. 714, 47 S.E.2d 27 (1948); Davenport v. Gannon, 123 N.C. 362, 31 S.E. 858 (1898). The absence of jurisdiction of the res is responsible for the principle, as a court not having jurisdiction of the res cannot affect it by its decree. McRary v. McRary, supra; see also Fall v. Eastin, 215 U.S. 1, 30 S. Ct. 3, 54 L. Ed. 65 (1909).
The distinction between in personam judgments ordering the conveyance of nonlocal realty and strictly in rem actions to partition or divest title in realty was drawn in McRary. Justice Barnhill referred to the familiar principle that a court having jurisdiction of the parties may, in a proper case, by a decree in personam, require the execution of a conveyance of real property in another state.
In McRary, an Ohio divorce decree attempted to vest title to jointly-held North Carolina realty in the plaintiff-wife free from any claim by her husband. The Ohio order provided that the wife "have and possess . . . [the North Carolina] said entire premises . . ." free from any claims of her husband. It further provided that if the defendant did not convey the property within 5 days from the judgment, "this decree shall operate as said conveyance." Our Supreme Court held that such *5 vesting of title was, in fact, a muniment of title, and the Ohio judgment, insofar as it attempted to affect title to the locus in North Carolina, was a nullity. Being a proceeding strictly in rem, the Ohio court was without jurisdiction to convey title to North Carolina realty.
The judgment in McRary and the case at bar are distinguishable. In the instant case, the Texas court specifically provided:
It is further ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED that Philip Gerald Courtney CONVEY, TRANSFER, QUITCLAIM and DEED to Ngoc Ming Thi Courtney the following described properties:
Lot 159, Portion 158, revised lot K & F of KNOWNVOW (sic) Lake Subdivision, Cumberland County, North Carolina. . . . (Emphasis added.)
Unlike the Ohio decree, the Texas judgment here merely ordered the defendant to convey the North Carolina realty. It did not purport to award or vest title consonant with the nature of an in rem proceeding, but operated strictly in personam and attempted to affect the realty only indirectly.
In personam decrees affecting non-local realty are neither against the laws or policies of this State, nor the laws and policies of the State of Texas. In McElreath v. McElreath, 162 Tex. 190, 345 S.W.2d 722 (1961), the court held that the provisions of an Oklahoma divorce decree dealing with Texas realty were in the nature of an in personam decree and did not directly affect title to the Texas land. The court further found that the Oklahoma decree operated as an estoppel in the nature of res judicata and that the Oklahoma order created certain equitable rights which were not precluded on public policy grounds in Texas. Other Texas cases clearly recognized the right of the sister states to issue in personam judgments directing the parties, properly before the court, to make dispositions of non-local realty. Milner v. Schaefer, Texas Civ.App., 1948, 211 S.W.2d 600; Greer v. Greer, Texas Civ.App., 1945, 189 S.W.2d 104 reversed on other grounds, 144 Tex. 528, 191 S.W.2d 848 (1946). In North Carolina, Lea v. Dudley, 20 N.C.App. 702, 202 S.E.2d 799 (1974) reiterated, citing McRary, supra, that any part of a foreign decree which attempted to determine ultimate title to North Carolina realty was void. The operative effect of in personam decrees, however, was recognized. Judge Campbell stated:
However, a court of competent jurisdiction in the state of incorporation with all necessary parties properly before it in an action for the dissolution of a corporation generally has the power and authority to render a decree ordering the EXECUTION AND DELIVERY OF A DEED TO PROPERTY IN ANOTHER STATE to the shareholders of the corporation as successors in title to the assets of the corporation. Such an order must be considered to be in personam in character as the Virginia Court could not have in rem jurisdiction over a res located in North Carolina. As between the parties to the Virginia litigation, the decree is res judicata.. . . Lea v. Dudley, supra, at page 704, 202 S.E.2d at page 800. (Emphasis added.)
In the instant case, the Texas court has not exceeded its jurisdictional powers nor contravened any law or public policy of North Carolina or Texas. Apparently recognizing its limited jurisdiction, it never attempted to vest any muniment of title in North Carolina realty, as did the Ohio court in McRary. Therefore, the in personam judgment directing the conveyance of North Carolina realty is entitled to full faith and credit in this State.
Defendant next contends that the judgment of the Texas court was subject to collateral attack in the courts of North Carolina because it was procured fraudulently. This contention is also without merit.
It is true that fraud may present a proper basis for a court's refusal to extend full faith and credit to the judgment of a sister state. Thrasher v. Thrasher, supra, Donnell v. Howell, 257 N.C. 175, 125 S.E.2d 448 (1962). In Donnell, the plaintiff and defendant stipulated that they perpetrated a fraud upon the Alabama court by making false representations as to the true residence *6 of the plaintiff. The Alabama judgment was not entitled to full faith and credit in this State, as a consequence of this fraud.
In the present case, defendant asserts that triable issues of fact, concerning fraud, exist. He alleges in his answer misrepresentations of fact by the plaintiff, lack of evidence, and non-possession of the gold chain.
To make a successful attack upon a foreign judgment on the basis of fraud, it is necessary that extrinsic fraud be alleged. In Horne v. Edwards, 215 N.C. 622, 624, 3 S.E.2d 1 (1939) Judge Seawell stated the general rule:
It has been held by much the greater weight of authority in American courts that equity will not interfere in an independent action to relieve against a judgment on the ground of fraud unless the fraud complained of is extrinsic and collateral to the proceeding, and not extrinsic merelythat is, arising within the proceeding itself and concerning some matter necessarily under the consideration of the Court upon the merits. (Citations omitted.)
In the case of Crescent Hat Co. Inc. v. Chizik, 223 N.C. 371, 26 S.E.2d 871 (1943), the defendant, challenging a foreign judgment, alleged that the plaintiff had made false representations during the course of the trial in the foreign tribunal. Our Supreme Court held that false testimony given at trial is not extrinsic fraud, and thus cannot form the basis of an attack upon a foreign judgment.
Upon a review of the record, it is apparent that the defendant has nowhere alleged extrinsic fraud. For this reason, his collateral attack on the basis of fraud is improper.
Defendant argues that the imposition of collateral estoppel against him was improper. Defendant proceeds, in this argument, on the assumption that the jurisdiction of the Texas court was in rem in nature, that the Texas order was not entitled to full faith and credit, and, therefore, not subject to application of the doctrine of collateral estoppel. We do not agree.
In his original petition to the Texas court, the defendant alleged the existence of jointly-held property in North Carolina and asked the Texas court to make an equitable division of the North Carolina realty. The Texas court, having jurisdiction of the parties, entered a judgment ordering the defendant personally to convey title to the North Carolina realty to the plaintiff. The judgment of the Texas court did not attempt to vest title of the property in plaintiff, but operated clearly in personam in the form of an order directed personally at the defendant. The decree of the Texas court, is therefore res judicata as between the parties.
This Court specifically held in Trasher that full faith and credit bars a collateral attack by either party on jurisdictional grounds in the court of the sister state when the defendant participated in the proceedings and was accorded the full opportunity to contest the jurisdictional issues.
In an annotation at 3 A.L.R. 535 the rule is stated:
The party at whose instance a judgment is rendered is not entitled, in a collateral proceeding, to contend that the judgment is invalid. Neither want of jurisdiction, defect of procedure, or any other ground of invalidity can be availed of collaterally, by the party who is responsible for the existence of the judgment.
To allow one who himself has invoked the jurisdiction of a foreign court to escape an unfavorable judgment would be contrary to all notions of fair play and justice.
The defendant finally argues that genuine issues of material fact existed; therefore, the trial court's granting of the plaintiff's motion for summary judgment was error. We do not agree.
In the motion for summary judgment, the plaintiff sought specific performance of the Texas judgment. G.S. 1A-1, Rule 56(c) provides, in substance, that any party to a civil action may move for judgment in his *7 favor on any claim, counterclaim, crossclaim, or declaratory judgment action as to which there is no genuine issue as to any material fact, and as to which the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. The only grounds upon which the defendant could challenge the plaintiff's right to specific performance of the Texas judgment in North Carolina are lack of jurisdiction, fraud in the procurement, or as being against public policy. Thrasher v. Thrasher, supra. However, the defendant alleges as material issues of fact misrepresentations by the plaintiff to the Texas court, unfairness of the Texas judgment, whether the defendant had possession of the gold chain, and whether the defendant had a fair opportunity to be heard at the Texas hearing.
These questions of fact were not properly before the North Carolina court but should have been raised in the Texas court at the hearing or on appeal. In applying the rules set out in Thrasher, it is obvious that none of these "facts" was related to the issues of jurisdiction, fraud, or public policy; hence, they were not facts material to this action. In considering the motion for summary judgment, the trial court correctly concluded that there were no genuine issues as to any material fact concerning the granting of full faith and credit to the Texas judgment and, therefore, properly determined that specific performance was appropriate.
Summary judgment will not ordinarily be proper for a party with the burden of proof when the motion is supported only by his own affidavits. However, summary judgment may be granted for a party having the burden of proof, on the basis of that party's own affidavit when (1) there are only "latent" doubts as to the affiant's credibility, (2) the opposing party has not introduced material supporting his opposition and has failed to point up specific areas of impeachment and contradiction and failed to utilize G.S. 1A-1, Rule 56(f), and (3) summary judgment is otherwise appropriate. Kidd v. Early, 289 N.C. 343, 222 S.E.2d 392 (1976).
Pursuant to the rules established in Kidd, and for the reasons stated above, we hold that the trial court properly granted plaintiff's motion for summary judgment extending full faith and credit to the Texas judgment.
The judgment below is
Affirmed.
MORRIS, C. J., and HARRY C. MARTIN, J., concur.