61 Cal. 250 | Cal. | 1882
It is claimed by respondent that the judgment appealed from was entered in compliance with Section 997 of the Code of Civil Procedure, which reads as follows:
“ The defendant may, at any time before the trial or judgment, serve upon the plaintiff an offer to allow judgment to be taken against him for the sum or property, or to the effect therein specified. If the plaintiff accept the offer, and give notice thereof within five days, he may file the offer, with proof of notice of acceptance, and the clerk must thereupon enter judgment accordingly. If the notice of acceptance be not given, the offer is to be deemed withdrawn, and can not be given in the evidence upon the trial; and if the plaintiff fail to obtain a more favorable judgment, he can not recover costs, but must pay defendant’s costs from the time of the offer.”
The appeal is from the judgment and from the order of the Superior Court denying the motion of the Attorney General to set aside the judgment.
1. The Court below held that the Attorney General was not authorized to make the motion, and that the judgment had been properly entered.
This Court has already held that the Attorney General had the right to control the action in the Court below and to appeal from the judgment. (County of Sacramento v. The Central Pacific Railroad Company.)
The Act of April 23,1880 (Statutes 1880, p. 136), authorizes an action for State as well as county taxes, to be brought by the District Attorney in the name of the county. This Act, and the sections of the Political Code relating to the duties of District Attorneys, are to be construed as in pari materia. The District Attorney is directed to prosecute all actions for the recovery of “ debts” accruing to the State or to his county. (Pol. Code, Sec. 4256.) It was said in Perry v. Washburn (20 Cal. 318), that State taxes are not “ debts” within the meaning of the Act of Congress, which made “ United States notes” a legal tender “for all debts, public or private.” We entertain no doubt of the correctness of this construction of the words of the Act of Congress. When speaking of taxes,
The District Attorney had the power to commence and prosecute the action, subject to the supervision of the Attorney General. (Pol. Code, 470.) The last named officer has power, whenever, in his opinion, the public service requires it, to “assist” the District Attorney. (Ibid.) When he thus assists the District Attorney, he may, by virtue of his “ supervisory power over the District Attorneys in all matters pertaining to the duties of their offices,” assume a paramount control and direction of the business he and the District Attorney are jointly conducting.
When, therefore, it appeared that the District Attorney, without consultation with the Attorney General, had accepted the offer of defendant to allow a judgment to be taken for less than the amount of taxes sued for, the Court below, upon the application of the Attorney General, should have permitted that officer to withdraw the acceptance, and should have set aside the judgment based upon it, together with the satisfaction thereof. The Court should have taken judicial notice of the supervisory control of the Attorney General, and of the limitations upon the power of the District Attorney implied by such supervision. The order denying the application of the Attorney General was an order made after judgment, and is appealable.
2. The judgment must be reversed, because the Clerk of the Superior Court had no power to enter it. It has been held very often that, in entering a judgment, without an order of Court, the Clerk of the District (or Superior) Court acts ministerially, employing no judicial discretion. (Gray v. Palmer, 28 Cal. 416; Leese v. Clark, id. 33; Crane v. Hirshfelder, 17 id. 582; Willson v. Cleaveland, 30 id. 192; Wallace v. Eldredge, 27 id. 495; Kelly v. Van Austin, 17 id. 564.)
While the District Attorney in his official capacity (subject under certain limitations to the direction of the Attorney General), was authorized to prosecute an action on behalf of the State and county, in the name of the county, for the amounts of taxes due the State and county respectively, the defendant and Clerk of the Superior Court were bound to know the extent of the powers of the District Attorney with respect to the collection of State taxes. The assessment of the State tax could only be made by the State Board of Equalization, and after the tax upon railroad property had been apportioned as required by the Constitution (Article xiii., § 10), there was no power in any officer or Board, except perhaps the State Board of Equalization, to reduce the amount apportioned to any county. The District Attorney, by accepting an offer “ to allow a judgment” for less than the amount fixed by the State Board, could not estop the State from claiming such amount. The rule of presumption as to the authority of an attorney has no application to a public officer whose powers and duties are defined by law, and therefore exactly understood by all parties concerned. As was said by the Supreme Court of Nevada: “ To presume that he (the District Attorney) has a special authority to compromise a claim for delinquent taxes is to presume a fact which is legally impossible.” (State v. Cal. M. Company, 15 Nev. 251.)
It may be said, however, that in presence of the written “ offer” and its acceptance by the District Attorney, we are bound to presume the amount due from defendant was the
But, as we have seen, the county, so far as the State tax is concerned, is but the nominal party. As to such tax, the State is the real party in interest. It is the State suing in the name of the county. The complaint herein, following the statutory form, alleges that defendant is indebted to plaintiff in the sum of ten thousand seven hundred and eleven dollars and twenty-five cents for “ county taxes,” etc., and (in another and separate averment) that defendant is indebted to plaintiff in the further sum of six thousand seven hundred and thirteen dollars and seventy-five cents “ for state taxes,” etc. The “general nature of the action” is described in the summons as being “to obtain a judgment for the sum of ten thousand seven hundred and eleven dollars and twenty-five cents for county taxes, * * * and for the further sum of six thousand seven hundred and thirteen dollars and seventy-five cents for State taxes,” etc. The prayer of the complaint, as prescribed by the statute, is as follows: “ Wherefore plaintiff prays judgment for said several sums,” etc.
It was the evident understanding of the District Attorney, when the action was commenced—and in his view of the meaning of the statute we believe him to have been correct—that the Legislature intended the judgment should specify the several sums for which it should be rendered for State and county taxes respectively. The procee ling is special and statutory, and, without deciding whether the Superior Court would have jurisdiction in this action to render a judgment in a gross sum less than the aggregate claimed for State and county taxes, we hold that the clerk had no power to enter the judgment which was entered.
It is true that the statute of 1880 does not, in terms, prescribe the form of judgment to be entered in actions brought under it. But it does prescribe the form of complaint, the prayer of which—read in connection with the averments of separate indebtedness to the State and county—clearly indicates the intention that the judgment should specify the amount due each. The judgment before us is for a less sum
These considerations would satisfy us that the judgment to be rendered in an action prosecuted under the Act of 1880, must declare specially and separately the sum recovered for State and county taxes, even if the language of the statute were ambiguous.. It is barely possible that we would construe a judgment of the Superior Court for an amount exactly equal in the aggregate to the sums claimed for State and county taxes, together with a five per cent penalty, and interest upon such sums as a judgment for the sums claimed for State and county taxes, etc. But certainly the cleric has no power to enter a judgment in a general sum less than the aggregate amount claimed for State and county taxes, penalties and interest. It will be observed that the “offer” recited in
To pub alike proposition in different words the “complaint” required by Act of 1880 will not uphold a judgment for a gross sum less than the amount of the sums claimed to be due for State and county taxes, etc.
It will be said, that Section 997 of the Code of Civil Procedure only provides for an offer to allow judgment “for the sum” therein specified. Having shown that the only judgment which can properly be entered in an action brought .under the law of 1880, is a judgment specifying the particular sum due the State and the particular sum due the county, if it were true that the only “offer” permitted by Section 997 of the Code of Civil Procedure is an offer to allow judgment in a single sum, it would follow that an offer under Section 997 was totally inapplicable to an action under the Act of 1880, and, as a consequence, the Clerk had no authority to enter a judgment based upon such an offer. But it is not .necessary to our purpose so to hold. It may be admitted that where, as under the Act of 1880, the action is brought to recover several sums to be specified in the judgment, an offer might be made (under Section 970) to allow judgment, for one of such sums, or for sums less than the respective sums claimed in the complaint. But it necessarily follows from what has been said with reference to the form of the judgment, that, to authorize the Clerk to enter a judgment for the amounts named in the offer, the offer must specify in what sum judgment will be allowed for State, and in what sum for county taxes.
Judgment and order reversed, and cause remanded for further proceedings.
Morrison, C. J., and McKee, Sharpstein, Eoss, Myrick, and Thornton, JJ., concurred.