85 Fla. 197 | Fla. | 1923
Upon an indictment charging murder in the first degree plaintiff in error was tried and found guilty as • charged. Sentence of death was pronounced against him. Writ of error was taken from this court to review the judgment imposing sentence.
“That Carr Sandusky was one of the jurors of the Grand Jury by whom the said indictment was found and returned into court here; that the said Carr Sandusky is not a resident of County of Escambia, -State of Florida; that the said Carr Sandusky is not a resident of the State of Florida; that the said Carr Sandusky has not resided in Escambia County, Florida, for six months last past; that the said Carr Sandusky has not resided in the State of Florida, for one year; that the said Carr Sandusky is -not a citizen of the State of Florida; that the said Carr Sandusky is a resident of the City of New Orleans, in the the State of Louisiana, that the said Carr Sandusky is now. in the City of Pensacola, Escambia County, Florida, on a temporary visit; that the said Carr Sandusky lias not resided in the County of Escambia, or the State of Florida during the six months last past. That therefore the said Carr Sandusky, one of the jurors of the Grand Jury by whom the said indictment was found and returned into court here, was not when said grand jury was empanelled or afterward, or when it found said indictment, or when it returned the same into court here, a'resident of Escambia County, Florida, for six months, a resident of the said State of Florida, for one year, or a citizen of the State of Florida, and this the. defendent, Herbert Cotton, is ready to verify.”
Upon a trial of the issue presented by joinder of issue on this plea there was a verdict for the State and judgment accordingly.
The plea in abatement presented an issue of fact upon which the defendant was entitled to a trial by jury. Woodward v. State, 33 Fla. 508, 15 South. Rep. 252. There was a trial on this issue by a jury and there is in the record sufficient proof to sustain the verdict finding against the defendant and in effect that the grand juror alleged to be disqualified was a resident of the county and State, a citizen of the State, and a competent juror under the statute.
The jury to which the issue made by the plea in abatement was submitted consisted of six men only. Counsel
The Constitution ordains “The number of jurors for the trial of causes in any court may be fixed by law but shall not be less than six in any case.” Sec. 38, Art. V., Const. of Fla. At common law a petit jury consisted of twelve men. Chitty’s Crim. Law, vol. 1, p. 303; Thompson v. State, 170 U. S. 343. By statute in this State criminal cases less than capital and civil causes are tried by a jury of six. Sec. 6008, Sec. 2694, Rev. Gen. Stat. But a jury to try a capital case must consist of twelve men. Sec. 6008, Rev. Gen. Stat. In trials for misdemeanors by agreement a jury may be waived, but the statute authorizing such waiver is limited to misdemeanors. Sec. 6075, Rev. Gen. Stat. Many authorities hold that one accused of a capital offense or other felony required to be tried by a jury of twelve has not the power, by consent or by silence, to waive trial by a jury consisting of twelve and to authorize a jury of less than twelve to pass upon the question of his guilt. Thompson v. State, supra; State v. Rogers, 162 N. C. 656, 78 S. E. Rep. 293, 46 L. R. A. (N. S.) 38; Queenan v. Oklahoma, 11 Okla. 261, 71 Pac. Rep. 218, 61 L. R. A. 324; Jones v. State, 52 Tex. Cr. 303, 106 S. W. Rep. 345, 124 Am. St. Rep. 1097; Territory v. Ah Wah, 4 Mont. 149, 1 Pac. Rep. 732, 47 Am. Rep. 341. There was, as we have seen, no waiver in this case. The
The issue presented was whether the defendant had been lawfully indieted'for a capital offense, that is to say, whether an indictment upon which he should be put on trial for his life liad been returned against him. Accused as he was of a capital crime, he had a right to object.to being tried except on presentment or indictment by a grand jury. Sec. 10 Bill of Rights, Const. of Fla.
, The trial on the plea in abatement was not a trial of “other criminal cases” as differentiated from “capital cases.” Sec. 6008, Rev. Gen. Stat. It was not the trial of a criminal case less than a capital case, nor was it the trial of a civil cause. The Statute authorizing- a trial by a jury of six men is therefore not applicable. It follows inescapably that the defendant was entitled to a trial on the issue made by his plea in abatement by a jury of twelve, and that a trial by a jury of six amounted to'a denial to him of a jury trial such as he is entitled to under the law.
We have said that there is ample evidence in the record to sustain the finding* that the grand juror alleged to be incompetent was a resident and citizen of Escambia County and qualified as a juror. But a trial of the issue made by the plea in abatement by a jury of a less number than the law prescribes deprived the defendant of a right he was entitled to claim, and did claim, under the express provisions of the law of the land. Denial to him of this right by the court results in a lack of the due process of law that is commanded by the Constitution. This requires a reversal of the judgment without reference to the cor
Reversed.