Cosme, II v. TaylorCosme, II v. Taylor
Creditor Luis Cosme, II seeks to except from discharge under
The parties proceeded to trial on the
After some preliminary negotiations earlier in March 2022, Taylor emailed Cosme on March 23, 2022, separate bids tо remodel the upstairs and downstairs bathrooms in Cosme‘s house. Taylor quoted Cosme $4,665 for the downstairs bathroom remodel and $8,165 for the upstairs bathroom remodel. Trial Ex. 2c.
In addition to the bid amounts, Taylor‘s March 23, 2022 email further indicated that Cosme was free to accept “one or both bids.” Id. There is no indication in the email that the price of either bid was conditional on Cosme‘s acceptance of both bids. To the contrary, there was only one stated prerequisite for Cosme‘s acceptance of one or both bids. As Taylor put it, “I will require a down payment [sic] of half the the [sic] bid for each project with the rest to be paid at completion.” Id. The March 23, 2022 email further detailed that if Cosme indicated his desire to proceed “with one or both bids,” Taylor would draft a formal written contract “detailing the project and payment schedule.” Also of import, Taylor advised Cosme that, “[c]urrently I am about 4 weeks out from being able to start on your project.” Id.
Cosme initially paid the downstairs bathroom deposit via Paypal on or about March 25, 2022, but Taylor refunded this initial deposit because he wanted the payment to be made through Venmo. Trial Ex. 2b. Cosme then repaid the $2,330 downstairs deposit via Venmo on or about March 26. Trial Ex. 2g. On April 6, 2022, Cosme paid Taylor via Venmo $3,165 towards the upstairs deposit—as well as another $916 on April 11, 2022, to complete the upstairs deposit. Trial Ex. 2d.1
On May 3, 2022, Cosme sent a series of texts to Taylor asking him why he hadn‘t started the remodeling on April 25 as promised. The texts pointed out that he had tried calling Taylor several times since for an update without receiving any response. Cosme also advised Taylor that he and his wife had changed their minds about remodeling the downstairs bathroom and asked whether they could transfer the downpayment for that project to the upstairs bathroom remodel. Trial Ex. 2f, p. 18.
On May 4, 2022, Taylor responded by text to Cosme. Trial Ex. 2f, pp. 18-19. He did not dispute that he had promised to start Cosme‘s project on April 25. Nor did he offer any explanation for the delay. Id. Moreover, in spite of what he had said in his March 23, 2022 email, he now claimed that the amounts he bid for “both jobs” were “somewhat tied together,” so he would “prefer if we stuck with the original contracts . . . .” Id.
According to Cosme, he advised Taylor on June 12, 2022, of his firm decision to only remodel the upstairs bathroom. Trial Ex. 2g; Trial Ex. 2f, pp. 18-22. In a responsive text Taylor sent on June 13, 2022, he replied that he would need to revisit the bid he gave for the upstairs bathroom because his bids were based on his assumption that he would be remodeling both
For roughly the next month and-a-half, the parties went back and forth about who was responsible for the delays and potential damages each party claimed to have suffered. The parties also discussed potential cancellation, potential reconciliation, potential new start dates and potential revised contracts. Trial Ex. 2f, pp. 19-39. Near the middle of August 2022, the parties agreed to go forward with the remodel of the upstairs bathroom. In addition, Taylor promised to provide Cosme with a written contract for that remodeling work and that he would be able by the end of October to give Cosme a firm start date for the remodeling work for sometime after October. Trial Ex. 2f, 36-39.
As of December 5, 2022, Taylor still had not given Cosme any written contract for the upstairs bathroom remodel. Nor had he provided Cosme any start date for the remodeling work. Taylor also failed to give Cosme any updates or explanations for Taylor‘s further delays. At trial, Taylor did essentially nothing to dispute Cosme‘s account of what transpired between August 2022 and December 2022. Significantly, he failed to offer any explanation for—or have any recollection of—what occurrеd between August 2022 and December 2022 that prevented him from honoring the parties’ agreement as revised in August 2022.
Roughly a year later, in December 2023, Cosme obtained a state court default judgment against Taylor for $6,410, the full amount he had paid in deposits for both remodeling projects. In February 2024, Taylor filed his chapter 7 bankruptcy. Cosme then sued Taylor to except the judgment debt from discharge. Taylor has not disputed the amount of the debt or his liability
This court heard testimony from Cosme, as well as from several other witnesses who were former customers of Taylor‘s. In general, the court finds credible the testimony of all of these witnesses—Cosme and the other customers. The testimony of the other customers largely mirrored Cosme‘s testimony regarding his experience with Taylor. Taylor promised to do contraсting work for them, took their deposits, and then Taylor either completely failed to perform, or barely started the contracted-for projects before abandoning them. Cosme and his witnesses were clearly angry with Taylor‘s breaches of their contracts and believed that he had defrauded them. While the court finds these witnesses credible, their conclusory belief that Taylor defrauded them is unhelpful to the legal analysis for the claim brought under
At trial, Taylor came across as both intelligent and articulate. Indeed, during his closing argument, he was able to clearly state—and focus on—the controlling issue that was the subject of the trial: whether at the time he received Cosme‘s deposits for both remodeling projects, he had any real intention of performing any remоdeling work for Cosme. Trial Tr. 5/minutes 4-16. However, Taylor‘s complete honesty and candor before the court were not as evident as his intelligence. He tended to paint the relevant facts with an exceptionally broad brush and ignored the timing of events as they occurred. This tended to make it sound like he was more forthcoming with Cosme and his other clients than he actually was. For example, he claimed that he had warned Cosme and some of his other clients оf his poor financial condition. But an examination of the evidence indicates that he made these so-called financial warnings after he had received his clients’ deposits. In fact, he offered up his poor financial condition in response to these clients’ requests for the return of their deposits in light of his non-performance and as a justification for not refunding the deposits.
Analysis
A “false promise” is one type of misrepresentation that can lead to a nondischargeable debt under
Thus, the controlling disputed issue concerns Taylor‘s state of mind. As is typical of state of mind issues in nondischargeability actions, the court must objectively discern Taylor‘s subjective state of mind based on the circumstantial evidence presented. See Carrilllo v. Su (In re Su), 290 F.3d 1140, 1146 & n.6 (9th Cir. 2002); Cowen v. Kennedy (In re Kennedy), 108 F.3d 1015, 1018 (9th Cir. 1997), as amended, (Mar. 21, 1997); see also Nahman v. Jacks (In re Jacks), 266 B.R. 728, 742 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 2001) (“subjective intent may be gleaned from objective factоrs“); Gertsch v. Johnson & Johnson, Fin. Corp. (In re Gertsch), 237 B.R. 160, 167 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 1999) (“intent to deceive can be inferred from the totality of circumstances“).
The court has reviewed all of the evidence submitted and finds based thereon that at the time Taylor received Cosme‘s deposits he harbored the requisite state of mind to defraud Cosme. Stated more bluntly, Taylor took Cosme‘s deposits knowing that he had no intention of remodeling Cosme‘s bathrooms as promised and he made promises for the sole purpose of fraudulently inducing Cosmе to pay the deposits. As such, Cosme has proven the first, second, and third elements for nondischargeable fraud: a misrepresentation in the form of a false promise, made knowingly, and made with the intent to deceive Cosme.
To be clear, the court holds that the fraud occurred in March and early April 2022, when Taylor induced Cosme to pay the deposits. In the technical, legal sense, there is no evidence of any separate fraud after Cosme paid the deposits. Morе specifically, there is no evidence that after he paid the deposits, Cosme acted or refrained from acting to his detriment as a result of his relying on anything Taylor said or did. See generally Siriani v. Nw. Nat‘l Ins. Co. (In re Siriani), 967 F.2d 302, 305 (9th Cir. 1992) (explaining what a creditor must show to establish nondischargeable fraud arising from creditor‘s forbearance in enforcing pre-existing debt); Hung Bank v. Kim (In re Kim), 163 B.R. 157, 160-61 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 1994) (following Siriani), aff‘d & adopted, 62 F.3d 1511 (9th Cir. Aug. 23, 1995). Nonetheless, the parties’ interactions after Cosme paid the deposits are still relevant for purposes of inferring Taylоr‘s state of mind before Cosme paid the deposits, largely because it evidences continued delays and ultimately no work ever being performed. While a close call, the court holds that Taylor did knowingly and fraudulently make a false representation
That said, Cosme also introduced evidence from Taylor‘s other customers on other jobs that Taylor was supposed to complete around the same time frame as Cosme‘s remodel. This evidence bolsters this court‘s finding that Taylor did not intend to perform his contractual obligations when he took Cosme‘s deposits. The evidence included in-person testimony of Taylor‘s other customers, and the related exhibits referenced or authenticated by each of these witnesses. Such evidence was admitted without objection.
These witnesses uniformly expressed the opinion that Taylor is a dishonest and deceitful man in his business dealings. Fed. R. Evid. 404(a) prohibits the use of a person‘s character “to prove that on a particular occasion the person acted in accordance with the character or trait.” See Hon. Barry Russell, Bankruptcy Evidence Manual, at § 404:1 (2024). Though no objection was raised to this evidence at trial, I attach no weight to their аssessment of Taylor‘s character to the extent that Cosme simply argues that Taylor acted in accordance with some bad character or trait. However, Fed. R. Evid. 404(b)(2) expressly permits evidence of other wrongs or bad acts to prove knowledge or intent. See Bankruptcy Evidence Manual, at § 404:2. Taylor v. DeFalco (In re DeFalco), 353 B.R. 449 (Bankr. W.D. Pa. 2006), presented a similar situation in which the bankruptcy court allowed testimony, over the debtor‘s objection, from nonparty witnesses to establish intent to defraud under
Here, each witness paid Taylor a deposit in expectation that he would complete thеir construction or remodeling project as agreed. They uniformly testified—and the corresponding exhibits corroborated—that in each instance Taylor either did not do any of the work promised, or else he initially did a little work before abandoning the project entirely. See Trial Exs. 5, 7, 8, 9, 11. Some of these interactions occurred in the same year at roughly the same time as Cosme‘s interactions with Taylor. See Trial Exs. 5 (Barnack), 7 (Dailey), and 11 (Dewalt). One ocсurred later in time, see Trial Ex. 8 (McNeil), and another occurred earlier in time, see Trial Ex. 9 (Leonard). The nature of the projects varied greatly. One was for building a deck (Barnack). Another was for converting a shed into a greenhouse (Dewalt). Yet another was for converting a basement into living space (McNeil). And another was for new windows and a kitchen remodel in an apartment unit (Dailey). Another customer (Leonard), similar to Cosme, contracted for rеmodeling of multiple bathrooms.
Importantly, Taylor failed to present any evidence of successful contracting projects he performed resulting in satisfied customers. As a result, the only evidence before the court is that during the Cosme remodel, Taylor solicited construction projects and obtained monies while performing little, if any, work. This drastically increases the probative value of Cosme‘s evidence presented to establish Taylor‘s history during thе relevant time. Though Taylor could have had other customers who more or less received the contracting work they bargained for and paid for, there is no evidence in the record to support such an inference. This means that, on the evidence presented, the only reasonable finding to be made is that Taylor contracted with Cosme, and took the deposits, with no intent to perform any contracting work for him. Accordingly, when Taylor took Cosme‘s deposits, the court finds that Taylor was not genuinely seeking contracting work; instead, he was solely focused on, and interested in, obtaining deposits from Cosme so that he
The above findings establish the first, second, and third elements for nоndischargeable fraud. Along with the previous findings regarding the fourth and fifth elements, Cosme has proven his
In his closing argument, Taylor argued that there was no evidence that he ever told any of the customers who testified against him that he was cancelling their projects or would not eventually complete them. This argument only serves to emphasize that the problem was not with what Taylor specifically told his customers but with his hidden intent not to perform at the time he took Cosmе‘s deposits. Taylor also attempted to make a “no-harm-no-foul” argument. He maintained that most of the customers who testified against him ultimately recouped most or all of their monetary losses by making claims against his bonding companies, or by enforcing judgments they eventually obtained against him, or by entering into repayment plans with him. Nothing in the record indicates that Cosme was able to recover any portion of the deposits he paid to Taylor. More imрortantly, Taylor‘s “no-harm-no-foul” argument betrays a rather cavalier—or even callous—attitude towards his clients’ needs and desires. The fact that some of his clients eventually received monetary satisfaction of their claims is completely overshadowed by months or even years of frustrating yet fruitless efforts first to get their needed remodeling projects accomplished and later to obtain refunds of their deposits directly from Taylor.
For the reasons stated above, the court holds that Luis Cosme‘s default judgment against debtor Christopher Taylor is a debt arising from fraud and is nondischargeable under
DATE: March 12, 2025
BY THE COURT
/s/ Gary Spraker
GARY SPRAKER
United States Bankruptcy Judge
Serve: L. Cosme, II
C. Taylor
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