339 N.W.2d 26 | Mich. Ct. App. | 1983
CORNACK
v.
SWEENEY
Michigan Court of Appeals.
Marston, Sachs, Nunn, Kates, Kadushin & O'Hare, P.C. (by Kathleen L. Bogas), for plaintiff.
Kaufman, Payton & Kallas (by Constantine N. Kallas), for defendants.
Before: WAHLS, P.J., and GRIBBS and M. WARSHAWSKY,[*] JJ.
GRIBBS, J.
The defendants, Mabel Sweeney and Grace Bell, doing business as Lakeview Grocery, bring an interlocutory appeal from a denial of their motion for partial summary judgment. Michael John Cornack, a minor, allegedly purchased alcoholic beverages from the defendants. Plaintiff alleges that the sale was illegal since Michael was visibly intoxicated and was a minor. Later, while driving an automobile, Michael allegedly lost control of the vehicle and struck a parked automobile, causing injuries to himself. Intoxication is alleged as the cause of the accident. Betty J. Cornack, Michael's mother, individually and as next friend of Michael, sued the defendants for common-law negligence and under the dramshop act, MCL 436.22; MSA 18.993.[1] The defendants moved for *377 summary judgment against Michael Cornack, arguing that no common-law action exists and that the allegedly intoxicated person is barred from recovering under the dramshop act. The trial court denied the motion, prompting this appeal. We reverse.
I
First, the defendants are correct in their assertion that no common-law action remains for negligently selling alcohol to minors or visibly intoxicated persons. The Michigan Supreme Court considered this issue in Browder v International Fidelity Ins Co, 413 Mich. 603, 611-612; 321 NW2d 668 (1982), and declared:
"Upon examination of the dramshop act, it becomes clear that the particular objective of the Legislature in enacting it was to discourage bars from selling intoxicating beverages to minors or visibly intoxicated persons and to provide for recovery under certain circumstances by those injured as a result of the illegal sale of intoxicating liquor.
"As the emphasized portions of the statute demonstrate, the Legislature used clear and unambiguous language. The Legislature obviously intended the cause of action * * * provided in the dramshop act to be the exclusive cause of action * * *."
Thus, the trial court should have granted partial summary judgment on the common-law claim.
*378 II
We next consider whether Michael Cornack is barred from recovery under the dramshop act as an intoxicated minor. Jurisdictions are split on whether an intoxicated person can recover for his own injuries. Some hold that he can; others hold that he cannot. See Anno: 65 ALR2d § 4, pp 923, 927-928. The plaintiff concedes that Michigan is among those states which deny recovery[2] but argues that this rule applies only to intoxicated adults. There is no doubt that a minor driver is held to the same standard of conduct as an adult. Constantino v Wolverine Ins Co, 407 Mich. 896; 284 NW2d 463 (1979). The issue for our consideration is whether an intoxicated minor driver is excepted from this rule under the dramshop act. We hold that he is not. In this regard, the dramshop act treats intoxicated minors as it would intoxicated adults.
The Michigan Supreme Court has held that intoxicated adults may not recover for their injuries.
"Doubtless the [dramshop] statute might have extended its benefits to the intoxicated person, but if such were the intent it is surprising that it was not distinctly and unequivocally expressed. It was as easy to designate the party himself as it was his wife, child, guardian, etc. Moreover the man himself may generally be supposed to be injured in some degree by intoxication, so that his case would furnish the most frequent occasion for a suit if he should see fit to resort to legal proceedings. It would be very remarkable that a statute in enumerating the persons who should share in its benefits should omit to name the very one who would most often be entitled to its aid. But it is a sensible and *379 well understood rule of construction that when after an enumeration, the statute employs some general term to embrace other cases, the other cases must be understood to be cases of the same general character, sort or kind with those named. Hawkins v Great Western R Co, 17 Mich. 57 [1868]; McDade v People, 29 Mich. 50 [1874], and cases cited. Apply this rule here, and the party intoxicated is excluded." Brooks v Cook, 44 Mich. 617, 618-619; 7 N.W. 216 (1880).
There is no indication that the Legislature intended to except minors from this rule. The plaintiff correctly points out that the Michigan cases to date have dealt only with intoxicated adults, but the holdings of those cases are clearly applicable to minors. Had the Legislature intended a remedy for intoxicated minors, it would have clearly created one.
Although ours is the first Michigan case to address the issue, the Minnesota courts which follow the same general rule as to adults have had an opportunity to apply the rule to minors. Interpreting statutory language similar to ours, the Minnesota Supreme Court has twice held that the legislature did not intend to allow intoxicated minors a right of recovery under the dramshop act. Cavin v Smith, 228 Minn 322; 37 NW2d 368 (1949) (minor assaulted while intoxicated); Sworski v Colman, 204 Minn 474; 283 N.W. 778 (1939) (minor beaten and killed while intoxicated). The Minnesota court simply found no indication that the legislature intended a remedy for any intoxicated person, adult or minor. We find this logic, coupled with the holdings of Michigan courts on adults, persuasive and hold that an injured intoxicated minor has no greater right to recover under the dramshop act than an intoxicated adult. The defendants cogently argue in their brief that "[w]hile it may be that the drunk driver is most *380 likely to be injured by his actions, the legislature has not chosen to protect him. Rather, the legislature [has] charged every driver with a duty not to get behind the wheel of an automobile while they are intoxicated, thereby imposing a non-negotiable standard of care."
Because the dramshop act is the exclusive remedy and it provides no right of action for an intoxicated minor injured by his own conduct, the trial court should have granted partial summary judgment on these issues. The order denying summary judgment is reversed and the case remanded for further proceedings.
Reversed and remanded.
NOTES
[*] Circuit judge, sitting on the Court of Appeals by assignment.
[1] "Every wife, husband, child, parent, guardian or other persons who shall be injured in person or property, means of support or otherwise, by a visibly intoxicated person by reason of the unlawful selling, giving or furnishing to any such persons any intoxicating liquor, and the sale is proven to be a proximate cause of the injury or death, shall have a right of action in his or her name against the person who shall by such selling, or giving of any such liquor have caused or contributed to the intoxication of said person or persons or who shall have caused or contributed to any such injury * * *." MCL 436.22; MSA 18.993.
[2] See Kangas v Suchorski, 372 Mich. 396; 126 NW2d 803 (1964); Brooks v Cook, 44 Mich. 617; 7 N.W. 216 (1880).
