delivered the opinion of the court.
This is an action on a judgment rendered on May 17, 1858, against defendant, in favor of plaintiff, by the Circuit
On the trial, plaintiff introduced in evidence a transcript ■of the judgment sued on, which shows that the summons was returned by the marshal, “ served by leaving a copy of the within summons at the last and usual place of residence of the defendant, John W. Wright, that being his present residence, this 25th day of January, 1858.” The record also ■shows that defendant did not appear, and that judgment was •entered against him by default. The Indiana statute in force at the date of the service was introduced, and provides that summons shall be served “ either personally on the defendant, or by leaving a copy thereof at his usual, or last, place of residence.” It is provided by act of Congress that the mode of service of summons in the United States courts shall be the same as that of the State in which the court is held. Plaintiff then rested his case, and defendant offered an instruction in the nature of a demurrer to evidence, which was overruled. Defendant testified, in his own behalf, •that, in 1857, being indebted to plaintiff on settlement, he turned over to plaintiff a claim for $915 against one Buckingham, which plaintiff accepted, upon the agreement that the Buckingham claim, if collected, should be in satisfaction of the claim against defendant; if not collected, it was to be reassigned to defendant. Defendant then moved to Kansas, where he remained for nineteen months; and on his return to Indiana he was told by plaintiff that he had received nothing on the Buckingham claim, and had returned to defendant’s attorneys the order he had for the same, and that he had obtained the judgment sued on herein. This,
Plaintiff, in rebuttal, testified that when he received the order for the Buckingham judgment it was looked upon as a very doubtful claim, and defendant would not, or could not, prosecute it to collection ; that he agreed to credit the net amount received on the judgment against defendant, and did so (the amount being $950) in October, 1865. Plaintiff then offered evidence tending to prove that defendant, when served, was a resident óf Logansport, Indiana.
Francis Smith, sworn on behalf of plaintiff, testified that in January, 1865, he was a deputy United States marshal for the district of Indiana, and that he served the summons in the original suit. The following question was asked: “ Where and how did you serve the summons?” Defendant objected, on the ground that it was incompetent, irrelevant, and immaterial. The court overruled the objection, and defendant excepted. The witness was permitted to answer as follows: “I served the summons by leaving a copy of
W. H. Cost, for plaintiff, testified that defendant’s house was situated three or four squares north-east from the Barrett House.
The court, at the instance of plaintiff, gave the following instructions, to which defendant excepted:
“1. If the jury believe from the evidence that on January 25, 1858, the defendant was a resident of the State of Indiana, and that a copy of the summons in the action in favor of plaintiff against defendant in the Circuit Court of the United States for the District of Indiana, in the petition mentioned, was left at the last and usual residence, in said State, of the defendant, then said court thereby acquired jurisdiction of said defendant in said action, and had jurisdiction of said action.
“2. Although the jury may beliéve from the evidence that the defendant, on January 25, 1858, contemplated.*448 changing his residence from said State of Indiana, and had previously thereto left the State to make arrangements for such removal; yet if they further believe from the evidence that he subsequently returned to his residence in said State, and did not in fact remove, with the intention of changing his domicile permanently, until after said date of return, then he still remained, within the meaning of the law, a resident of Indiana, up to the time of such removal with intent to transfer his residence.
“3. If the jury find from the evidence that, since the recovery of the judgment sued on, the plaintiff recovered a judgment against one Corwine, or other, upon a claim assigned to him by defendant, and has acknowledged satisfaction of said judgment upon the record, then defendant is entitled to be credited with the amount so entered satisfied at the date of such satisfaction, unless they believe from the evidence that it was agreed by the defendant with plaintiff that only the amount actually received by the plaintiff thereon should be so accredited, in which case the amount the jury find from the evidence was so received by plaintiff should be credited, at the date of its receipt, upon the judgment sued on. And in no case can the jury allow a credit of any sum in excess of the amount for which satisfaction was so entered by, or on behalf of, the plaintiff.
“ 4. The jury are further instructed that the plaintiff is entitled, if they find in his favor, to interest upon said judgment from the date of its rendition, deducting any payment or credit which they may find from the evidence to have been made thereon, at the rate of six per cent per annum.”
The defendant asked the court to give the following instruction, which it refused, and defendant excepted:
“ The jurors are further instructed that, if they believe and find from the evidence that the plaintiff, after the rendition of the judgment sued on in this case, accepted from defendant an assignment of a claim amounting to about $900, owing to defendant by Messrs. Corwine, Hays,*449 and Rogers, upon the condition that, if said claim against said parties was paid to, or was collected by, plaintiff, that said assignment and collection should operate and be a satisfaction and payment of the judgment sued on,'and they Relieve and find, further, that plaintiff afterwards collected the amount of said claim from the said Convine, Hays, and Rogers, or either of them, then they must find a verdict for the defendant.”
On behalf of defendant the court gave the following instruction :
“ The jurors are instructed that, if they believe and find from the evidence that the summons issued in the case in which the judgment sued on was rendered was not served, either personally on the defendant or by leaving a copy thereof at his usual or last place of residence within the State of Indiana, then they must find a verdict for the •defendant, even though they may find that defendant at the time of such service still resided in said State.”
The court, upon its own motion, gave the following instruction, to which defendant excepted:
“The court instructs the jury that if the defendant, J. W. Wright, prior to the 25th day of January, 1858, removed from the State of Indiana, with the intent to leave and abandon said State permanently; that he removed to, and became a resident of, the State of Kansas, and at said date was not residing in the State of Indiana, then you will ■find for the defendant.”
There was a verdict and judgment for plaintiff, and •defendant appeals.
The vexed question as to whether the record of a judgment rendered in another State may be contradicted as to •the facts necessary to give- the court jurisdiction is now, perhaps, settled. It was formerly held, both by the Supreme Court of the United States and by the Supreme Court of Missouri, that the record of a judgment of a sister State imported absolute verity; but Christman v. Russell
The validity of every judgment depends upon the authority which the court possessed over the subject of its adjudication; and it is, therefore, competent for every tribunal, when a judgment is produced before it as the foundation of an action, to enquire into the jurisdiction of the court by which it was rendered; and if it appear on the face of the proceedings that the court had no jurisdiction, its judgment must be regarded as a nullity. The extra-territorial effect of a judgment procured against a person in the State of his domicile, where he has not appeared to the action and has not been personally served with process, is a question as to which the courts of the different States are not in accord. The weight of authority is, however, altogether in favor of the, view that each State has the right to-declare how its citizens, or those domiciled within its borders, and who, enjoying the protection of its laws, are bound to obey them, may be brought before the courts ; that the means thus provided must not be disregarded by other States ; and that a service of process lawful in the State in which it is made, even though not personal, made upon one subject to the laws of the State and the territorial authority of the court, is sufficient foundation for a judgment, to which full faith and credit must be given in all the States of the Union. Ereem. on Judg., sec. 570, and cases cited. We suppose, however, that an action could not be maintained in the courts of this State upon a judgment rendered in another State against a defendant not within the jurisdiction of the court by which it was rendered, and who appeared to have been made a party by mere publication in a newspaper, and who has in no way appeared or defended the suit.
The answer sets up that the judgment has been fully paid and satisfied since its rendition. The jury did not so find, and the evidence supports the verdict in this respect. But defendant, after the trial had begun, asked leave to file an amended answer setting up accord and satisfaction. Where the evidence discloses a defence not set up in the answer, the court may, in furtherance of justice, and on terms, allow defendant to amend his pleading so as to make it conform to the facts in proof. Irwin v. Chiles, 28 Mo.
It is apparent that the main question in this case is that of the residence of defendant at the time of the service of summons in the original action. If Wright was not at that date a resident of Indiana, the Circuit Court had no jurisdiction, and this action cannot be maintained. The question asked the witness Smith as to where and how he served the summons was objected to by defendant, as incompetent, irrelevant, and immaterial. This witness was the deputy marshal who served the summons; he was put on the stand by plaintiff to rebut the testimony of defendant to the effect that the plaintiff resided in Kansas when the summons was served.. The witness answered, as might be ■expected, that he served the summons at the house pointed ■out to him in Logansport as the actual residence of defendant. The fact in controversy was not whether persons in Logansport said that defendant’s residence was there, but whether it was so in feet. The answer was, therefore, objectionable as being hearsay testimony, and it was calculated to prejudice the main point of the defence in the cause. It is contended that this point is not saved by appellant because the testimony was not objected to as hearsay. We think, however, that the grounds of objection to -the question were stated specifically enough to save the point. If the question objected to fail to indicate to the court sufficiently the precise character of the testimony sought to be elicited, it is usual for the court to require some statement of its scope and nature, that the court may form a definite opinion whether it is competent and material. Where the
For the error committed by the trial court in permitting this incompetent testimony to go to the jury, the judgment must be reversed and the cause remanded.