Cooney v. Chicago Public Schools

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JACQUELINE COONEY et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. CHICAGO PUBLIC SCHOOLS et al., Defendants-Appellees.—JAN MORGAN-WULF et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. THE BOARD OF EDUCATION OF THE CITY OF CHICAGO et al., Defendants-Appellees.

No. 1-09-1215

First District (6th Division)

December 30, 2010

407 Ill. App. 3d 358

ficers, photographs showing blood, and a bloody butcher knife recovered inside defendant‘s apartment. All of the evidence showed that defendant did use a knife and stab the victim. Thus, we cannot say that the evidence was so closely balanced that any Zehr violation tipped the scales. Additionally, as defendant acknowledges in his reply brief, absent any evidence that a Zehr violation resulted in a biased jury, the error did not affect the fairness of defendant‘s trial or challenge the integrity of the judicial process. See

Thompson, 238 Ill. 2d at 614. Based on the record in this case, we do not find that the trial court violated Rule 413(b), but even if it did, the error would not rise to the level of plain error.

CONCLUSION

First, defendant was not denied his sixth amendment right to counsel because the trial court did not violate Rule 401(a). Second, the trial court would not have abused its discretion in denying defendant standby counsel. Third, the trial court did not violate Rule 431(b) but even if it had, that error would not have risen to the level of plain error.

Affirmed.

Marc N. Blumenthal, of Law Office of Marc N. Blumenthal, of Chicago, for appellants Jan Morgan-Wulf et al.

Keith L. Hunt, of Hunt & Associates, P.C., of Chicago, for appellants Jacqueline Cooney et al.

Rick J. Rocks, William A. Morgan, and Lisa D. Hugé, all of Board of Education of City of Chicago, of Chicago, for appellee Board of Education of City of Chicago.

Karen L. Kendall, of Heyl, Royster, Voelker & Allen, of Peoria, and Marion Victoria Cruz, of James D. Montgomery & Associates, Ltd., of Chicago, for appellee All Printing & Graphics, Inc.

JUSTICE CAHILL delivered the opinion of the court:

Plaintiffs appeal the circuit court‘s order dismissing claims stemming from disclosure of the personal information of approximately 1,700 former Chicago Public School (CPS) employees. We affirm.

Defendant All Printing & Graphics, Inc., was retained by the Board of Education of the City of Chicago (Board) to print, package and mail a “Chicago Public Schools-COBRA Open Enrollment List” to over 1,700 former CPS employees. The mailing, sent sometime between November 23, 2006, and November 27, 2006, informed the former employees that as COBRA participants, they could change their insurance benefit plans. The list sent to each plaintiff contained the names of all 1,750 plaintiffs, along with their addresses, social security numbers, marital status, medical and dental insurers and health insurance plan information (COBRA list).

On November 26, 2006, the Board learned of the disclosure of the personal information. The following day the Board sent a letter to the former employees, asking them to return the COBRA list or destroy it. On December 8, 2006, the Board mailed the former employees a letter offering one year of free credit protection insurance.

Some of the former employees filed individual and class action lawsuits, and the cases were later consolidated. The complaints allege: (1) violation of the Personal Information Protection Act (the Act) (815 ILCS 530/1 et seq. (West 2006)); (2) violation of the Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business Practices Act (Consumer Fraud Act) (815 ILCS 505/1 et seq. (West 2006)); (3) violation of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) (42 U.S.C. §1320d-6 (2006)) under 42 U.S.C. §1983; (4) violation of the common law right to privacy; (5) violation of the Illinois Constitution‘s privacy clause (Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, §6); (6) negligent infliction of emotional distress; (7) negligence; and (8) breach of fiduciary duty. Defendants moved to dismiss the complaints under sections 2-615 and 2-619 of the Illinois Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-615, 2-619 (West 2006)). The trial court dismissed the complaints with prejudice.

Plaintiffs appeal the dismissal of all claims with the exception of the alleged violation of the Illinois Constitution‘s privacy clause.

We review de novo a dismissal under sections 2-615 and 2-619 of the Code.

Solaia Technology, LLC v. Speciality Publishing Co., 221 Ill. 2d 558, 578-79, 852 N.E.2d 825 (2006). A complaint is properly dismissed under section 2-615 of the Code where there is no set of facts that if proven would entitle the plaintiff to recovery.

Marshall v. Burger King Corp., 222 Ill. 2d 422, 429, 856 N.E.2d 1048 (2006). A complaint is properly dismissed under section 2-619 of the Code where no genuine issue of material fact exists and the defendant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.

Doyle v. Holy Cross Hospital, 186 Ill. 2d 104, 109-10, 708 N.E.2d 1140 (1999).

Plaintiffs first argue that the trial court erred in dismissing their common law and statutory negligence claims. To succeed on their negligence claims, plaintiffs must allege and prove that (1) defendants owed a duty to plaintiffs; (2) defendants breached that duty; and (3) the breach caused injury to plaintiffs.

First Springfield Bank & Trust v. Galman, 188 Ill. 2d 252, 256, 720 N.E.2d 1068 (1999).

•1 We must first decide whether the Board had a duty to safeguard plaintiffs’ personal information under a statutory directive, because where no duty is owed, there is no negligence.

Washington v. City of Chicago, 188 Ill. 2d 235, 239, 720 N.E.2d 1030 (1999). Plaintiffs argue that HIPAA (42 U.S.C. §1320d-6 (2006)) provides a statutory basis for the creation of a new duty. A violation of a statute designed to protect human life and property may be used as prima facie evidence of negligence.

Kalata v. Anheuser-Busch Cos., 144 Ill. 2d 425, 434-35, 581 N.E.2d 656 (1991). HIPAA prohibits the disclosure of “individu- ally identifiable health information to another person.” 42 U.S.C. §1320d-6(a)(3) (2006). But, “employment records held by a covered entity in its role as employer” are specifically excluded from HIPAA protection. 45 C.F.R. §160.103 (2006). Because the Board held plaintiffs’ health insurance elections in its role as an employer, the Board‘s disclosure falls outside HIPAA‘s coverage.

•2 Plaintiffs also contend that the Act (815 ILCS 530/1 et seq. (West 2006)) creates a legal duty. The Act provides:

“Any data collector that maintains computerized data that includes personal information that the data collector does not own or license shall notify the owner or licensee of the information of any breach of the security of the data immediately following discovery, if the personal information was, or is reasonably believed to have been, acquired by an unauthorized person.” 815 ILCS 530/10(b) (West 2006).

The ” ‘[b]reach of the security of the system data’ means unauthorized acquisition of computerized data that compromises the security, confidentiality, or integrity of personal information [including social security numbers] maintained by the data collector.” 815 ILCS 530/5 (West 2006). In defining “data collector,” the Act includes “government agencies *** and any other entity that, for any purpose, handles, collects, disseminates, or otherwise deals with nonpublic personal information.” 815 ILCS 530/5 (West 2006).

Plaintiffs claim that the Board, as a data collector, violated the Act because a “breach of the security of the system data” occurred. Plaintiffs are correct, but while the statute defines what a breach of system security is, it also codifies the remedy: the data collector must provide timely notice of a security breach to the parties affected. 815 ILCS 530/10 (West 2006). The Board complied with the statute by timely notifying plaintiffs of the breach.

Plaintiffs suggest that we adopt an expansive reading of the Act. The argument can be summarized as follows: in enacting the Act, the legislature intended to protect personal information from disclosure. If the only obligation imposed by the Act is to provide notice of a breach, its purpose would be defeated because entities could repeatedly disclose personal information and then exonerate themselves by providing notice. So, the statute‘s purpose can only be realized by penalizing the disclosure itself.

Because the provisions in the Act are clear, we must assume it reflects legislative intent to limit defendants’ duty to providing notice. See

Comprehensive Community Solutions, Inc. v. Rockford School District No. 205, 216 Ill. 2d 455, 473, 837 N.E.2d 1 (2005) (“[t]he plain language of a statute remains the best indication of [the legislature‘s] intent“). •3 Plaintiffs next contend that we should recognize a “new common law duty” to safeguard information. They claim a duty is justified by the sensitive nature of personal data such as dates of birth and social security numbers. Plaintiffs do not cite to an Illinois case that supports this argument. While we do not minimize the importance of protecting this information, we do not believe that the creation of a new legal duty beyond legislative requirements already in place is part of our role on appellate review. As noted, the legislature has specifically addressed the issue and only required the Board to provide notice of the disclosure.

•4 All Printing also had no duty to protect plaintiffs’ information from disclosure. All Printing met its contractual obligations by printing and mailing the Board‘s information packets. Plaintiffs cite to no authority for the proposition that All Printing had a duty to inspect the contents of the packets or inform the Board of any irregularity. Absent a duty, there is no negligence.

Washington, 188 Ill. 2d at 239. We affirm the trial court‘s dismissal of plaintiffs’ negligence claims.

•5 Plaintiffs next seek recovery for negligent infliction of emotional distress. A plaintiff claiming to be a direct victim of negligently inflicted emotional distress must establish the traditional elements of negligence: duty, breach, causation and injury.

Corgan v. Muehling, 143 Ill. 2d 296, 306, 574 N.E.2d 602 (1991). Because plaintiffs failed to establish a duty on the part of either defendant, their negligent infliction of emotional distress claim must fail with their general negligence claims.

•6 Plaintiffs next assert that the Board, as their former employer, had a fiduciary duty to avoid disclosure of personal information. “To state a cause of action for a breach of a fiduciary relationship, a plaintiff must allege that the defendant owed a fiduciary duty to the plaintiff, and that duty must exist as a matter of law.”

Dames & Moore v. Baxter & Woodman, Inc., 21 F. Supp. 2d 817, 823 (N.D. Ill. 1998), citing

Mid-America National Bank of Chicago v. First Savings & Loan Ass‘n of South Holland, 161 Ill. App. 3d 531, 538, 515 N.E.2d 176 (1987). Plaintiffs’ sole contention is that a fiduciary duty was created when they provided the Board with information “in confidence.” Plaintiffs cite to no authority supporting such a duty. See

Eckiss v. McVaigh, 261 Ill. App. 3d 778, 786, 634 N.E.2d 476 (1994) (“[m]ere contentions without argument or citation of authority do not merit consideration on appeal“). We affirm the trial court‘s dismissal of this claim.

•7 Next, plaintiffs contend that the trial court erred in dismissing their causes of action under 42 U.S.C. §1983 for a violation of HIPAA (42 U.S.C. §1320d-6 (2006)) and the fourth amendment to the United States Constitution (U.S. Const., amend. IV). To establish municipal liability under section 1983 of Title 42 of the United States Code (42 U.S.C. §1983 (2006)), a plaintiff must allege that he has been deprived of a constitutionally protected right and that deprivation was caused by a municipal policy, custom or practice.

Waters v. City of Chicago, 580 F.3d 575, 580 (7th Cir. 2009), citing

Monell v. Department of Social Services, 436 U.S. 658, 694, 56 L. Ed. 2d 611, 638, 98 S. Ct. 2018, 2037-38 (1978); see also

Weimann v. County of Kane, 150 Ill. App. 3d 962, 965, 502 N.E.2d 373 (1986). “A plaintiff may establish municipal liability by showing ‘(1) an express policy that causes a constitutional deprivation when enforced; (2) a widespread practice that is so permanent and well-settled that it constitutes a custom or practice; or (3) an allegation that the constitutional injury was caused by a person with final policymaking authority.‘”

Waters, 580 F.3d at 581, quoting

Estate of Sims ex rel. Sims v. County of Bureau, 506 F.3d 509, 515 (7th Cir. 2007). Non-state actors, such as All Printing here, may be found liable where they have conspired or acted in concert with state actors to deprive a person of his civil rights.

Pesek v. Marzullo, 566 F. Supp. 2d 834, 839 (N.D. Ill. 2008) (mem. op.), citing

Adickes v. S.H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 152, 26 L. Ed. 2d 142, 151, 90 S. Ct. 1598, 1605-06 (1970).

Plaintiffs have not cited to a case that supports the assertion of these rights in the context of a private right of action under HIPAA. See

Bagent v. Blessing Care Corp., 363 Ill. App. 3d 916, 919-20, 844 N.E.2d 469 (2006) (“[HIPAA] *** does not support a private cause of action“), overruled on other grounds,

224 Ill. 2d 154, 862 N.E.2d 985 (2007);

University of Colorado Hospital Authority v. Denver Publishing Co., 340 F. Supp. 2d 1142, 1145 (D. Colo. 2004) (finding HIPAA precludes “implication of a private right of action” and citing other federal decisions finding no private right of action under HIPAA);

Doe v. Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois, 429 F. Supp. 2d 930, 944 (N.D. Ill. 2006) (“[every court to have considered the issue *** has concluded that HIPAA does not authorize a private right of action“); see also

Gonzaga University v. Doe, 536 U.S. 273, 284, 153 L. Ed. 2d 309, 321-22, 122 S. Ct. 2268, 2275-76 (2002) (“a plaintiff suing under an implied right of action must still show that the statute manifests an intent ‘to create not just a private right, but a private remedy‘” (emphasis in original)), quoting

Alexander v. Sandoval, 532 U.S. 275, 286, 149 L. Ed. 2d 517, 528, 121 S. Ct. 1511, 1519 (2001).

We also find that plaintiffs have forfeited the appeal of their fourth amendment claim. Plaintiff Cooney mentioned the fourth amendment in her third amended complaint but never briefed or argued the issue before the trial court. The trial court “completely ignored” the fourth amendment claim because Cooney failed to bring it before the court. See

People v. Phipps, 238 Ill. 2d 54, 62, 933 N.E.2d 1186, 1191 (2010), citing

People v. Blair, 215 Ill. 2d 427, 443-44, 831 N.E.2d 604 (2005) (forfeiture applies to issues that could have been raised but were not).

•8 We turn next to plaintiffs’ claims under the Consumer Fraud Act. 815 ILCS 505/1 et seq. (West 2006). Section 2QQ of the Consumer Fraud Act provides that a “person” may not “[p]ublicly post or publicly display in any manner an individual‘s social security number.” 815 ILCS 505/2QQ(a)(1) (West 2006) (renumbered as 505/2RR in West 2008). It defines “[to] ‘publicly post’ or ‘publicly display’ ” as “to intentionally communicate or otherwise make available to the general public.” 815 ILCS 505/2QQ(a)(1) (West 2006).

The statute defines a “person” as “any natural person or his legal representative, partnership, corporation (domestic and foreign), company, trust, business entity or association, and [agents and representatives of these entities].” 815 ILCS 505/1(c) (West 2006). The Board, as a body politic, is not a “person” within the meaning of the Consumer Fraud Act and therefore cannot be held liable for a violation of the statute.

Board of Education of the City of Chicago v. A, C & S, Inc., 131 Ill. 2d 428, 467-68, 546 N.E.2d 580 (1989).

Unlike the Board, All Printing is a domestic corporation and qualifies as a “person” within the meaning of the Consumer Fraud Act. See 815 ILCS 505/1(c) (West 2006). But, plaintiffs must allege actual damages to bring a Consumer Fraud Act action. See 815 ILCS 505/10a(a) (West 2006) (“[a]ny person who suffers actual damage as a result of a violation of this Act committed by any other person may bring an action against such person“); see

Morris v. Harvey Cycle & Camper, Inc., 392 Ill. App. 3d 399, 402, 911 N.E.2d 1049 (2009) (“[t]he failure to allege specific, actual damages precludes a claim brought under the Consumer Fraud Act“). To support a Consumer Fraud Act claim, actual damages must arise from “purely economic injuries.”

Morris, 392 Ill. App. 3d at 402.

Plaintiffs contend that they alleged actual damages because the disclosure put them at increased risk of future identity theft. In

Yu v. International Business Machines Corp., 314 Ill. App. 3d 892, 732 N.E.2d 1173 (2000), we held that allegations of potential harm arising from a software defect were insufficient to support a Consumer Fraud Act claim, justifying a section 2-615 dismissal. Without actual injury or damage, the plaintiff‘s claims “constitute[d] conjecture and speculation.”

Yu, 314 Ill. App. 3d at 897. See also

Williams v. Manchester, 228 Ill. 2d 404, 425, 888 N.E.2d 1 (2008) (“as a matter of law, an increased risk of future harm is an element of damages that can be recovered for a present injury—it is not the injury itself“) (emphasis in original);

Pisciotta v. Old National Bancorp, 499 F.3d 629, 639 (7th Cir. 2007) (“[w]ithout more than allegations of increased risk of future identity theft, the plaintiffs have not suffered a harm that the law is prepared to remedy“);

Morris, 392 Ill. App. 3d at 403, citing

Xydakis v. Target, Inc., 333 F. Supp. 2d 686, 688 (N.D. Ill. 2004) (“[t]here is no cause of action under the Consumer Fraud Act when a plaintiff alleges only aggravation and not actual damages“).

Plaintiffs also allege actual economic injury: the purchase by some plaintiffs of credit monitoring services. They claim that the Board‘s offer of credit monitoring services constitutes an admission of actual damages.

While neither party has directed us to Illinois authority addressing whether the purchase of credit monitoring services constitutes an economic injury under the Consumer Fraud Act, there is federal authority on this issue supporting the position that the purchase of these services, without more, is not an economic injury. See

Rowe v. Unicare Life & Health Insurance Co., No. 09 C 2286 (N.D. Ill. Jan. 5, 2010) (finding the provision of credit monitoring services by the defendants “does not resolve the question of whether credit monitoring costs are actual damages” and finding that “the costs of credit monitoring services are not a present harm in and of themselves“);

Aliano v. Texas Roadhouse Holdings LLC, No. 07 C 4108 (N.D. Ill. Dec. 23, 2008) (finding that the purchase of credit monitoring services does not constitute actual damages and citing district courts in Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio and New York in agreement); see also

Harris v. Wal-Mart Stores Inc., No. 07 C 02561 (N.D. Ill. Nov. 25, 2008) (rejecting claim for damages under the Credit and Debit Card Receipt Clarification Act of 2007, Pub. L. No. 110—241, 122 Stat. 1565 (2008) (codified at 15 U.S.C. §1681) for the cost of credit monitoring services). We affirm the trial court‘s dismissal of plaintiffs’ Consumer Fraud Act claims.

Finally, we address plaintiffs’ invasion of privacy claims. Illinois courts recognize four ways to state a cause of action for invasion of privacy: “(1) intrusion upon the seclusion of another; (2) appropriation of another‘s name or likeness; (3) public disclosure of private facts; and (4) publicity placing another in a false light.”

Busse v. Motorola, Inc., 351 Ill. App. 3d 67, 71, 813 N.E.2d 1013 (2004). Plaintiffs allege facts to support the first and third theories: intrusion upon seclusion and public disclosure of private facts.

To support the intrusion theory, plaintiffs must allege: (1) an unauthorized intrusion into seclusion; (2) the intrusion would be highly offensive to a reasonable person; (3) the matter intruded upon was private; and (4) the intrusion caused the plaintiffs anguish and suffering.

Busse, 351 Ill. App. 3d at 71. Public disclosure of private facts requires that “(1) publicity was given to the disclosure of private facts; (2) the facts were private, and not public, facts; and (3) the matter made public was such as to be highly offensive to a reasonable person.”

Miller v. Motorola, Inc., 202 Ill. App. 3d 976, 978, 560 N.E.2d 900 (1990), citing W. Prosser, Torts §117 (5th ed. 1984). While the theories contain different elements, both the intrusion and public disclosure torts require “private” matters or facts.

In Busse, we suggested that “[i]n the absence of an Illinois law defining social security numbers as private information, we cannot say that defendants’ use of this number fulfills the privacy element necessary to plead intrusion upon seclusion.”

Busse, 351 Ill. App. 3d at 73. We also noted that matters of public record such as names and dates of birth have not been held to be private facts.

Busse, 351 Ill. App. 3d at 72, citing

Geisberger v. Willuhn, 72 Ill. App. 3d 435, 439, 390 N.E.2d 945 (1979).

•9 Plaintiffs contend that, after Busse, the legislature defined social security numbers as private facts, overruling that holding. They again rely on the Act, which includes social security numbers in its definition of “personal information.” 815 ILCS 530/5 (West 2006). By equating “personal” with “private” information, plaintiffs ignore the distinction we relied on in Busse. See

Busse, 351 Ill. App. 3d at 72 (“[h]ere, none of the ‘personal’ information furnished by the customers *** has been held to be private facts“). The language of the Act is consistent with Busse, which distinguished personal information, such as names and social security numbers, from private facts, which are facially embarrassing and highly offensive if disclosed. See 815 ILCS 530/5 (West 2006);

Busse, 351 Ill. App. 3d at 72-73, comparing

Johnson v. K mart Corp., 311 Ill. App. 3d 573, 578-79, 723 N.E.2d 1192 (2000) (private facts were clearly alleged); see also

Phillips v. Grendahl, 312 F.3d 357, 373 (8th Cir. 2002);

Andrews v. TRW, Inc., 225 F.3d 1063, 1067 (9th Cir. 2000), rev‘d on other grounds,

534 U.S. 19, 151 L. Ed. 2d 339, 122 S. Ct. 441 (2001).

Having found no viable causes of action, there is no need for us to address the applicability of the Local Governmental and Governmental Employees Tort Immunity Act. 745 ILCS 10/1-101 et seq. (West 2006).

For the foregoing reasons we affirm the trial court‘s dismissal of plaintiffs’ complaints.

Affirmed.

GARCIA, P.J., concurs.

JUSTICE ROBERT E. GORDON, dissenting:

In the case at bar, defendants sent each and every class member a complete list of over 1,700 former employees’ first and last names, ad- dresses, marital status, social security numbers, medical and dental insurers, and other health care insurance information.¹ That means, for every class member, over 1,700 people received his or her personal information. In other words, approximately 1,700 people received the personal information of approximately 1,700 other people.

Most of the conclusions in the majority opinion are dependent on its first conclusion. If the first conclusion is removed, then the other dependent conclusions become unpersuasive.

The majority‘s first conclusion is that the Board‘s disclosure falls outside of HIPAA‘s coverage. The majority bases this conclusion entirely on an exclusion in the Code of Federal Regulation. This exclusion states that “employment records held by a covered entity in its role as employer” are excluded from HIPAA‘s protection. (Emphasis added.) 45 C.F.R. §160.103 (West 2006); see 407 Ill. App. 3d at 361-62.

What the majority misses is that there is a world of difference between “held” and “disclosed.” No one objects to the fact that the Board “held” the records. The Board‘s ability to hold and maintain these records is not at issue here. If the Board had simply held the records—and held on to them—there would be no lawsuit. But the Board did not hold on to them. It is their disclosure, not their holding, that is at issue in this case.²

This distinction between holding and maintenance on the one hand, and disclosing on the other, was made clear by the recent amendment to section 1320d-6. American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, Pub. L. No. 111-5, §13409, 123 Stat. 271 (codified as amended at 42 U.S.C. §1320d-6). Although this amendment was not in effect on the date of the disclosure in question, the amendment merely clarifies the existing statute, rather than adds to it. The amendment clarifies that an individual “shall be considered” to have disclosed individually identifiable health information in violation of this section, if a covered entity both “maintained” the information and then subsequently “disclosed” it. American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, §13409. The amendment thus recognizes what we would have assumed even without it, that there is a world of difference between maintaining or holding on the one hand, and disclosing on the other.

Thus, the exclusion for “held” records, quoted by the majority, does not apply to the case at bar. As a result, the majority‘s first conclusion, that there is no duty because of this exclusion, is incorrect.

The majority seems to imply that, but for this exclusion, there would be a duty, and we agree. See also

Moss v. Amira, 356 Ill. App. 3d 701, 712 (2005) (Quinn, J., specially concurring) (observing that Illinois law concerning disclosure is generally “far more restrictive” than HIPAA); 215 ILCS 5/1021(B) (2006) (providing a private cause of action and damages for the unauthorized disclosure of personal information by “an insurance institution, agent or insurance-support organization“).

The majority correctly states:

“We must first decide whether the Board had a duty to safeguard plaintiffs’ personal information under a statutory directive, because where no duty is owed, there is no negligence.

Washington v. City of Chicago, 188 Ill. 2d 235, 239, 720 N.E.2d 1030 (1999). Plaintiffs argue that HIPAA (42 U.S.C. §1320d-6 (2006))³ provides a statutory basis for the creation of a new duty. A violation of a statute designed to protect human life and property may be used as prima facie evidence of negligence.

Kalata v. Anheuser-Busch Cos., 144 Ill. 2d 425, 434-35, 581 N.E.2d 656 (1991).⁴ HIPAA prohibits the disclosure of ‘individually identifiable health information to another person.’ 42 U.S.C. §1320d-6(a)(3) (2006).” 407 Ill. App. 3d at 361-62.

This court has already held that the term “individually identifiable health information” in HIPAA includes names, addresses and social security numbers.

Giangiulio v. Ingalls Memorial Hospital, 365 Ill. App. 3d 823, 839 (2006). Specifically, in Giangiulio, we found that this term “includes common identifiers such as name, address, birth date, and social security number.”

Giangiulio, 365 Ill. App. 3d at 839. See also

In re Bextra & Celebrex Marketing, Sales Practices & Product Liability Litigation, No. M-05-CV-01699-CRB (N.D. Cal. December 8, 2008) (interpreting the term to include social security numbers).

Our holding in Giangiulio, that the term includes names, addresses and social security numbers, is also supported by the definition provided for the term. The term “individually identifiable health information,” as used in HIPAA, is defined in both the statute and in the Code of Federal Regulations. 42 U.S.C. §1320d(6) (2006); 45 C.F.R. §160.103 (2006). This definition includes “demographic information” (1) that is received by an employer; (2) that relates to the provision of or payment for health care; and (3) that identifies an individual. 42 U.S.C. §1320d(6) (2006); 45 C.F.R. §160.103 (2006). Demographic information is widely understood to include social security numbers, as well as names and addresses. E.g.

In re Bextra, No. M-05-CV-01699-CRB (discussing “names and addresses, dates of birth, social security numbers *** and other demographic information“);

Mayfield v. United States, 504 F. Supp. 2d 1023, 1027 (D. Or. 2007) (“Demographic information included name, date of birth, sex, race, and social security number“). In the case at bar, the names, addresses and social security numbers (1) were received by the employer, (2) related to the provision of or payment for health care, and (3) identified the individual. Thus, our holding in Giangiulio, that the term includes names, addresses and social security numbers, is also supported by the definition provided for the term.

Since the disclosed names, addresses and social security numbers in the case at bar qualify as “individually identifiable health information,” HIPAA applies to the disclosed information. HIPAA also applies to enrollment and disenrollment decisions. 42 U.S.C. §1320d-2(a)(2)(C) (2006) (covered transactions include “[e]nrollment and disenrollment in a health plan“); 45 C.F.R. §160.103 (2006).

As the majority already observed, “[a] violation of a statute designed to protect human life and property may be used as prima facie evidence of negligence.” 407 Ill. App. 3d at 361, citing

Kalata, 144 Ill. 2d at 434-35. See also

Noyola v. Board of Education of the City of Chicago, 179 Ill. 2d 121, 129 (1997) (discussed recently with approval in

Vancura v. Katris, 238 Ill. 2d 352, 376 (2010). Following the majority‘s suggestion, I would find that the HIPAA violation serves as prima facie evidence of negligence, and I would not dismiss at this early stage of the litigation.

Acosta v. Byrum, 180 N.C. App. 562, 571-72, 638 S.E.2d 246, 252 (2006) (HIPAA violation used as evidence of “the duty” owed in a negligence case).

In short, the majority and I seem to be in agreement that, but for the exception, there would be a duty. We differ primarily because the majority believes that the exception applies, and I do not. Most of the remaining conclusions in the majority opinion are based on this first conclusion and thus are also faulty. For example, later in the opinion, the majority concludes that plaintiffs’ claims of emotional distress must fail because plaintiffs “failed to establish a duty” on the part of defendants. 407 Ill. App. 3d at 363.⁵ However, this conclusion depends on finding, first, that there was no duty under HIPAA. If there was a duty then, at this early stage, plaintiffs would have only to allege, rather than provide evidence, of their anxiety and emotional distress.

Rowe v. Unicare Life & Health Insurance Co., No. 09 C 2286 (N.D. Ill. January 5, 2010) (although plaintiffs did not allege that the disclosure of their social security numbers and other personal information resulted in unauthorized access by specific persons, plaintiffs’ allegations of anxiety were sufficient to withstand a motion to dismiss their emotional distress claim, under Illinois state law).

Similarly, the majority concludes that plaintiffs failed to establish that the Board had a fiduciary duty to avoid disclosure, because the majority finds that plaintiffs cited “no authority supporting such a duty.” 407 Ill. App. 3d at 363. Again, this conclusion depends on finding no duty under HIPAA.

Since I find that the exclusion, quoted by the majority, does not apply, I must find that the majority‘s first conclusion is incorrect. Since that first conclusion is the foundation for much of the subsequent opinion, I must respectfully dissent.

I cannot find that HIPAA would allow the disclosure of someone‘s social security number, marital status, and insurance information and leave that person without any recourse.

Notes

1

Paragraph 10 of the Cooney second amended complaint alleged that the mailing included “addresses, social security numbers and specific health insurance plan selection information.” Paragraph 10 of the Morgan-Wulf third amended complaint alleged that the mailing included “first and last names, addresses, dates of qualification, medical and dental insurers and marital status,” as well as social security numbers. The two cases were consolidated.

2

The dictionary defines “hold” as “to have and keep in one‘s grasp.” American Heritage Dictionary 616 (2d coll. ed. 1982).

3

Section 1320d-6(a) provides that “[a] person who knowingly and in violation of this part *** discloses individually identifiable health information to another person, shall be punished as provided in subsection b” of this section. 42 U.S.C. §1320d-6(a)(3) (2006). Subsection b provides that for a base offense, which is a disclosure committed without false pretenses and without an intent to sell, then the punishment can be up to one year in jail and may include up to a $50,000 fine. 42 U.S.C. §1320d-6(b) (2006).

4

In its brief to this court, defendant Board of Education concedes, as it must, that the violation of a statute designed to protect human life or property may be used as prima facie evidence of negligence.

5

The majority does not find that plaintiffs failed to allege emotional distress; rather it simply does not reach this issue. 407 Ill. App. 3d at 363.

Case Details

Case Name: Cooney v. Chicago Public Schools

Court Name: Appellate Court of Illinois

Date Published: Dec 30, 2010

Citation: 943 N.E.2d 23

Docket Number: 1-09-1215 Rel

Court Abbreviation: Ill. App. Ct.