Tins is an action to recover damages for injuries sustained by reason of the negligence of the individual defendant, Drigant. Drigant, a collection agent of the respondent insurance company, was driving his own car from his assigned collection area at Onе Hundred and Forty-second street, New York city, to the company’s office at One Hundred and Seventy-fourth street, when he ran down and injured the infant-plaintiff at the corner of Amsterdam avenue and One Hundred and Fifty-eighth street on the afternoon of September 18, 1937. His negligence is not disputed upon this appeal.
The infant-plaintiff and his father, suing for loss of services and medical expenses, reсovered a jury verdict against both Drigant and the insurance company. The trial judge set the verdict aside and directed a verdiсt for the insurance company. The Appellate Division affirmed. The case comes here by way of leave to aрpeal by this court.
Whether there is any evidence to sustain the finding of the jury that defendant Drigant was an employee of the resрondent insurance company and that the infant-plaintiff was injured while Drigant was acting within the general scope of his employmеnt are the questions presented on this appeal.
The individual defendant, Drigant, had been employed by the respondent insuranсe company for approximately one year and three months prior to the accident on September 7, 1937. His work involved going from house to house collecting premiums for the respondent and soliciting new policies. He was limited to a “ debit ” territory in the borough of Manhattan, three blocks wide and four blocks long, running from One Hundred and Thirty-ninth street to One Hundred and Forty-second street bеtween Convent avenue and Riverside Drive. He was the exclusive collecting agent for the respondent in that territory. In addition, he was, however, expected to solicit new insurance throughout the State.
*316 The Company’s office, from which Drigant worked, was located on Broadway near One Hundred and Seventy-fourth street, approximately thirty-two blocks north of his debit area. Drigant was rеquired to attend consultations at the office on three specified mornings of each week, and also to visit it one aftеrnoon each week. It had become customary, but not obligatory, among the collectors to visit the office on Wednеsday afternoons in order to prepare for the settlement of their accounts on Thursday morning. Drigant was on his way to such a Wеdnesday afternoon visit to the office when he ran down and injured with his own car, which he was, driving, the infant-plaintiff at the intersection of Amsterdam avenue and One Hundred and Fifty-seventh street, approximately halfway between the debit area and the office.
There were direct and inexpensive bus and subway transportation facilities between the debit area and the office. In fact Drigant testified without contradiction that he had used the busses or subway for going to and from the office for six to ten months before he ownеd an automobile.
Drigant was not required to operate an automobile and received no additional compensation therefor, and was not reimbursed for expenses incurred in its operation. The respondent insurance company knew, however, that he owned and operated an automobile, and required that it be covered with automobile liability insurance.
Thеre is abundant evidence in the record to support the finding of the jury that Drigant was an employee of the respondent, rather than an independent contractor. Drigant was required to devote his whole time to the respondent’s business. He was assigned a specified debit area and was required to collect weekly premiums on industrial insurance therein. He had little discretion as tо the time he would work or the methods he would use. A list of accounts were furnished him upon which he had to call. He had to comply with various regulations laid down by respondent for his guidance, and was required to visit the office periodically. His diligence was cheсked by his superior on inspection trips into his assigned collection area. From the foregoing facts, it may be inferred that respondent effectively regimented the activities of Drigant into a pattern of minute and detailed control so as to disprove the existence
*317
of any relationship other than that of employer and employee.
(Matter of Electrolux Corp.,
Upon the record, a clоse question of fact was presented as to whether Drigant’s operation of his car was within the scope of his employment for the respondent insurance company. The fact that he was not required to operate his own car and did so only at his own option and received no reimbursement therefor would indicate that the operation of the car was outside thе range of the employment. (American Law Institute, Restatement of the Law of Agency, § 239, comment b.)
On the other hand, there is evidenсe that respondent was informed that the car was being used in its business and required that it be covered by liability insurance. While these last two facts, standing alone, would have little, if any, probative value, there is present in the case at bar the additional fact thаt Drigant was expected to solicit new business throughout the State wherever it might be found. There could be found, by the jury, in this requirement to solicit business over a large territory an inherent implied authority for Drigant to make use of the most efficient and adaptable meаns of transportation. The jury was further warranted in finding that this inherent requirement to make use of the most efficient means of transportаtion included the operation of an automobile.
(Burdo
v.
Metropolitan Life Ins. Co.,
Likewise the contention that Drigant was acting outside the physical orbit of his employment must fail since it is undisputed that he was proceeding on the most direct route between his assigned collection area and the office of the respondent. The verdict of the jury cannot be said, therefore, to be without substantial evidenсe in its support and was erroneously set aside.
The judgments, so far as appealed from, should be reversed, with costs in this court and in the Appellate Division and the verdict of the jury as against the defendant, John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company, reinstated.
Lehman, Ch. J., Lotjghran, Rippey, Lewis, Conway and Desmond, JJ., concur.
Judgment accordingly.