329 N.C. 488
N.C.
1991

Lead Opinion

WEBB, Justice.

Plaintiffs Appeal

We shall treat first the plaintiff’s appeal. The granting of summary judgment in favor of the defendant Bankers Life did not finally determine all the claims in this case and was thus an interlocutory order. In order for an interlocutory order to be appealable it must deprive the appealing party of a substantial right which will be lost if the order is not reviewed before a final judgment is entered. Waters v. Personnel, Inc., 294 N.C. 200, 240 S.E.2d 338 (1978).

The plaintiff relies on Bernick v. Jurden, 306 N.C. 435, 293 S.E.2d 405 (1982). In that case the plaintiff sued a hockey player and his team for an alleged assault on the plaintiff during a hockey match. The plaintiff in the same action sued the manufacturer of the mouthpiece the plaintiff was wearing at the time of the assault for negligent manufacture and breach of warranty. The superior court granted summary judgment for the manufacturer. We held the plaintiff had a right of immediate appeal because of the possibility of inconsistent verdicts if the case against the hockey player and his team was tried first and the case against the manufacturer was tried after an appeal.

We agree with the plaintiff that there is a possibility of inconsistent verdicts in this case if the claims are tried separately. Some of the issues in the claims against both defendants are identical. Her claims against both defendants include the issues of whether the consent of her husband was necessary when the application was submitted to the insurance company, whether Mr. Eilers was an agent of Bankers Life with authority to bind Bankers Life, and whether the conduct of Mr. Eilers and the manager for Bankers Life amounts to a waiver or estops the defendants from requiring the consent of the insured. There could be different verdicts on these issues if they are tried separately. Pursuant to Bernick, we hold that the order dismissing the case as to Bankers Life affected a substantial right of the plaintiff which she will lose if it is not corrected before a final judgment is entered.

Defendant Bankers Life contends there is not a possibility of inconsistent verdicts. It says this is so because it is still in the case by way of Mr. Eilers’ cross claim against it. Bankers Life says this means the jury will have an opportunity to decide any question of its liability. Mr. Eilers has cross claimed for indemnity from Bankers Life based on its negligence in training him and breach of contract to train him. The questions raised by the plaintiff’s claims against the two defendants are not covered by this cross claim.

Bankers Life also contends there is no possibility of inconsistent verdicts because of the doctrine of collateral estoppel. Relying on McInnis v. Hall, 318 N.C. 421, 349 S.E.2d 552 (1986), Bankers Life says it will not be able to relitigate any issues determined at a trial between plaintiff and Mr. Eilers. We do not believe Bankers Life would be estopped under Mclnnis from relitigating issues tried between the plaintiff and Mr. Eilers. Justice Frye, writing for the Court in Mclnnis, said it was not necessary for an estoppel that all parties in a case to have been parties in the case from which the estoppel arose. He was careful to say, however, that the party to be estopped must have been a party to the previous case with a chance to litigate the issues for which the estoppel is pleaded. Bankers Life would not have a chance to litigate the issues in a trial between the plaintiff and Mr. Eilers if the action against it is dismissed. It would not be estopped to litigate these issues against the plaintiff at another trial.

We reverse the order of the Court of Appeals which dismissed the plaintiff’s appeal.

We consider next the question of whether summary judgment was properly entered for Bankers Life. In the order granting summary judgment the court did not give any reason other than that the motion was well founded. In its motion for summary judgment Bankers Life gave as its reason that “Mr. Everett Cook never consented to issuance of a life insurance policy on his life.” In their briefs the parties treat only the question of the requirement under the law of this state that a husband consent before his wife may have his life insured. We shall address this question only.

We hold it was error to grant the motion for summary judgment by Bankers Life. We base this holding on the plain words of N.C.G.S. § 52-3 which says:

Any married person in his or her own name, or in the name of a trustee with his assent, may cause to be insured for any definite time the life of his or her spouse, for his or her sole and separate use, and may dispose of the interest • in the same by will.

This section has been in effect for more than one hundred years to give wives the right to insure the lives of their husbands. See Rev. s. 2099 and C.S., s. 2512. In 1965 it was revised to give husbands the right to insure the lives of their wives. See 1965 S.L., c. 878, s. 1. This is the first case which has interpreted the section.

This section does not create in a wife an insurable interest in the life of her husband. She has such an interest without the benefit of the section. See Chavis v. Insurance Co., 251 N.C. 849, 112 S.E.2d 574 (1960); Heilig v. Insurance Co., 222 N.C. 231, 22 S.E.2d 429 (1942); Webb v. Insurance Co., 216 N.C. 10, 3 S.E.2d 428 (1939). In order for the section to have any meaning, the section must give a wife something in addition to her rights under the common law. We believe it gives wives the right to insure their husbands’ lives without their consent. The statute allows a married person to insure the life of his or her spouse and it does not provide that such a person must have the consent of the spouse to do so. We do not believe we should add this requirement to the statute.

In Manufacturing Co. v. McCormick, 175 N.C. 277, 95 S.E. 555 (1918), we held that it was necessary to have the consent of an insured although the person applying for a life insurance policy had an insurable interest in the insured’s life. This case did not involve life insurance on a spouse and N.C.G.S. § 52-3 (1984) was not implicated.

We hold it was error to grant Bankers Life’s motion for summary judgment on the ground that Mrs. Cook could not insure her husband’s life without his consent.

John Eilers’ Appeal

The defendant John Eilers has appealed from the order denying his motion for summary judgment. Ordinarily such an appeal should be dismissed. Auction Co. v. Myers, 40 N.C. App. 570, 253 S.E.2d 362 (1979). In this case Mr. Eilers argues, as does the plaintiff in her appeal, that the issues are so intertwined that there is a substantial likelihood of inconsistent verdicts if the cases are tried separately. This threat no longer exists in light of our ruling on the plaintiff’s appeal. We affirm the order of the Court of Appeals dismissing Mr. Eilers’ appeal. We note that Mr. Eilers wanted to argue on appeal that he was not liable to the plaintiff because a life insurance policy may not be issued without the consent of the insured. We have decided this question in the plaintiff’s appeal.

Affirmed in part; reversed and remanded in part.





Concurrence Opinion

Justice MEYER

concurring, in result.

I concur in the result reached in the opinion of the majority. I am unable to concur in some of the reasoning which the majority employs to reach that result, and I write separately solely for the purpose of explaining my position in that regard.

In explaining its interpretation of N.C.G.S. § 52-3 and its predecessors, N.C. Rev. Code § 2099 and N.C. Consol. Stat. § 2512, the majority says: “In order for the section to have any meaning, the section must give a wife something in addition to her rights under the common law. We believe it gives wives the right to insure their husbands’ lives without their consent.” I am unable to agree with those two statements because, as every lawyer knows, the legislature frequently enacts a statute which simply codifies existing common law, without any change whatsoever to the common law it codifies. I believe that is precisely the case with N.C.G.S. § 52-3 and its predecessors because, at common law, wives and husbands had an insurable interest in the lives of each other, and that insurable interest was not dependent upon the consent of the insured spouse.

I doubt that the majority would seriously question the right at common law of even a divorced person to insure the life of the former spouse who will not consent ^hereto, where the former spouse is obligated by judgment of the court to pay alimony or child support, so long as that obligation exists. See 2 J. Appleman, Insurance Law and Practice § 802 (1966); 43 Am. Jur. 2d Insurance § 978 (1982).