delivered the opinion of the court:
This аppeal arises out of an action for breach of contract brought in the circuit court of Cook County. The plaintiff, Cook Associates, an Illinois corporation, brought the action against Lexington United Corporation, a Delaware corporation not licensed to do business in Illinois. Lexington is a dinnerware manufacturer whose principal place of business is St. Louis, Missouri. Lexington filed a special appearance to contest the court’s in personam jurisdiction (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1977, ch. 110, par. 20), but its motion to quash service of process was denied. Thereafter, Lexington answered, discovery was taken, and subsequently summary judgment was granted in favor of Cook. The appellate court reversed the judgment (
Cook is an employment agency whose offices are in Chicago. From July 1973 to July 1976, it also maintained a branch office in Massachusetts, which was operated by Edith McIntosh. Cook specializes in the placement of executive and professional employees with emрloyers who pay Cook a fee if a person referred by Cook is hired. On May 12,1976, Joseph Runza, a Lexington executive, phoned McIntosh, with whom he had done business before, at Cook’s Massachusetts office. He requested assistance in filling a sales management position at Lexington. The record is unclear as to the title of the position discussed. It appears that Runza had first described it as “national sales manager” but later changed the description to “field sales manager.”
On May 13, 1976, McIntosh sent Runza the names and resumes of some prospective employees, one of whom was Gregg Hoegemeir. Her accompanying letter stated: “As you know from our previous correspondence, these men, like all of our candidates, are being submitted to you upon the understanding that if they are employed, our fee will be paid by you in accordance with the enclosed schedule.” Cook’s fee schedule indicated its Chicago address on the letterhead, and stated that the fee would be 20% of one year’s salary for positions paying $15,000 per year or more. The schedule also stated: “A fee will be due from you as to any applicant you hire within two years of our disclosure of his identity, or of our submission or referral of him, to you.”
Runza communicated with Hoegemeir and arranged to meet him in Chicago. Hoegemeir’s resume discloses that he was then a regional sales manager for a Chicago manufacturer and that he resided in Ballwin, Missouri. At the meeting, Runza offered Hoegemeir the position of “field sales manager” at an annual salary of $22,000. Hoegemeir rejected the offer, and the record reflects that there were no further contacts betweеn Lexington and him for several months.
McIntosh’s employment by Cook terminated in July 1976. About three months later, she opened her own employment search and placement service in Massachusetts. It appears that soon thereafter, Runza communicated with McIntosh at her home and advised he was seeking a sales manager for Lexington. This time, it appears, the position would be that of “national sales manager” at a salary in excess of $22,000. McIntosh, acting for her own agency, submitted the names of a number of candidates, including that of Hoegemeir. After several interviews with Hoegemeir, Runza offered him the position at a salary of $25,000 and Hoegemeir accepted. The record does not show whether any of the negotiations which led to Hoegemeir’s employment took place in Illinois, nor does it make clear wherе the contract for his employment was made.
Hoegemeir began working for Lexington in December 1976, and Lexington paid McIntosh a $5,000 fee for her services. Cook later became aware of the hiring of Hoegemeir, and it demanded a $5,000 fee, representing 20% of Hoegemeir’s starting salary. When Lexington refused to pay the commission, Cook filed the action for breach of contract in July 1977.
Process was served on Lexington’s president, Frank Ivitch, when he was attending a trade show in Chicago. Ivitch and several other company officials were appearing in a week-long housewares exhibit of Lexington. Exhibitors were prohibited from selling merchandise at the exhibition. Less than $50,000 in orders was taken by Lexington at the exhibit, according to the answer to an interrogatory, and were later accepted at Lexington’s St. Louis office. Officials of Lexington had attended two other trade shows in Chicago in 1976 and 1977. At each of them, a similar volume of orders was received and later accepted.
Lexington’s other contacts with Illinois were listed in an affidavit of Ivitch, and in Lexington’s answers to interrogatories. Lexington did not have an office or an employee in this State. It had no Illinois telephone number. It did not advertise in Illinois, except in connection with the trade shows hеld in Chicago. Lexington merchandise was sold by an independent manufacturer’s representative in Illinois to his Illinois accounts. The record does not reflect the volume of those sales. The representative sold merchandise of other manufacturers as well. Working strictly on a commission basis, he received no salary from Lexington. In the year preceding the filing of this action an employee of Lexington accompanied the representative on three or four occasions, but the employee did not make any sales.
The appellate court held, on due process grounds, that the circuit court of Cook County lacked personal jurisdiction over Lexington.
When arguing before the appellate court the parties were not in agreement as to the test or standard to be applied for determining whеther there was personal jurisdiction. Lexington submitted that our long-arm statute provides the only means of acquiring jurisdiction over a nonresident corporate defendant. That statute provides in part:
“(1) Any person, whether or not a citizen or resident of this State, who in person or through an agent does any of the acts hereinafter enumerated, thereby submits such person, and if an individual, his personal representative, to thе jurisdiction of the courts of this State as to any cause of action arising from the doing of any such acts:
(a) The transaction of any business within this State;
# * *
(3) Only causes of action arising from acts enumerated herein may be asserted against a defendant in an action in which jurisdiction over him is based upon this Section.
(4) Nothing herein contained limits or affects the right to serve any process in any other manner now or hereafter provided by law.” Ill. Rev. Stat. 1977, ch. 110, par. 17.
Lexington сontended that the requirements of the statute were not satisfied, because the action did not arise from “the transaction of any business” by Lexington in Illinois.
Cook, on the other hand, contended that the long-arm statute does not prohibit the acquiring of jurisdiction according to the doing-business doctrine. Under that doctrine, a foreign corporation is deemed to have submitted to our jurisdiction by doing business in Illinois. The nonresident defendant becomes amenable to service as a resident corporation, under section 13.3 of the Civil Practice Act, which states:
“A private corporation may be served (1) by leaving a copy of the process with its registered agent or any officer or agent of said corporation found anywhere in the State; or (2) in any other manner now or hereafter permitted by law. A private corporation may also be notified by publication and mail in like manner and with like effect as individuals.” Ill. Rev. Stat. 1977, ch. 110, par. 13.3.
Cook urged that Lexington’s contacts with Illinois rendered the corporation subject to the jurisdiction of the circuit court of Cook County under the “doing business” view, or under the due process standard of “minimum contacts.”
The appellate court did not bottom its decision on any one of the standards suggested. It stated that “all of the prоposed standards are probably one and the same — minimum contacts.” (
The parties rеassert here the jurisdictional arguments that they made to the appellate court. Cook further argues that the appellate court’s decision was based on a foreseeability analysis, which it says is invalid under World Wide Volkswagen Corp.v. Woodson (1980),
Under the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment there are limits to which a State is confined in asserting in personam jurisdiction over a nonresident corp orate defendant. The Supreme Court in International Shoe Co. v. Washington (1945),
“[D]ue process requires only that in order to subject a defendant to a judgment in personam, if he be not present within the territory of the forum, he have certain minimum contacts with it such that the maintenance of the suit does not offend ‘traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.’ [Citations.] ”
It is important to recognize that this due process standard represents only the outer limits beyond which a State may not go to acquire jurisdiction over nonresidents. A State is free to set its own limits in acquiring this jurisdiction within the perimeters allowed by the due process clause. (Braband v. Beech Aircraft Corp. (1978),
“In Nelson v. Miller (1957),11 Ill. 2d 378 , 389, this court said that the Illinois long-arm statute reflects a conscious purpose to assert jurisdiction over nonresidents to the extent permitted by the due process clause. We do not, however, regard this observation as the equivalent of declaring that the construction and application of section 17(1) (b) depend entirely upon decisions determining in what circumstances due process requirements would permit long-arm jurisdiction. Neither do we read Nelson to say that in applying section 17(1) (b) we should not construe the meaning and intent of our own statute irrespective of the due process limitations generally applicable to State long-arm statutes. A statute worded in the way ours is should have a fixed meaning without regard to changing concepts of due process, except, of course, that an interpretation which renders the statute unconstitutional should be avoided, if possible. Thus, instead of turning to the array of tests which have been articulated to assist in determining whether long-arm statutes as applied exceed permissible constitutional boundaries, we prefer to resolve this appeal by looking to the meaning of our statute.” (Emphasis added.)
We conclude that Lexington is not amenable to the jurisdiction of our courts under either the Illinois long-arm statute or under the doctrine of submitting to jurisdiction by virtue of doing business in Illinois.
Lexington is not amenable to service under the long-arm statute because the cause of action did not arise from' the transaction of business in Illinois. Cook argues, however, that a contract between Lexington and Cook was formed in Illinois at the time of Hoegemeir’s interview with Lexington. Alternatively, it says that this action arose out of Lexington’s activities in Illinois because the interview with Hoegemeir in Chicago was an essential first step in a process of negotiations that culminated in the hiring of Hoegemeir. The contentions do not persuade. Hoegemeir rejected the offer of employment when he was interviewed in Illinois, and of course no contract was formed. Too, it cannot be said that thе Chicago interview was any part in the negotiations that led to the hiring of Hoegemeir. The positions involved were different. Hoegemeir rejected the position of field sales manager. He later was hired as national sales manager, but there is no indication whatever in the record that the interview had any influence on his hiring. It was in the fall of 1976 that Runza asked McIntosh, who was then operating her own agency, for prosрects to fill the position of national sales manger. There was no communication between Runza and Hoegemeir until McIntosh referred his name to Lexington in behalf of her own agency.
Lexington argues vigorously that the interview in Chicago should not be given any consideration whatever, because the fact that there had been an interview was not revealed to the trial court until after the court had entered summary judgmеnt. We have assumed the interview’s pertinency if only for the sake of argument and find it to be without significance here.
Apart from the long-arm statute, jurisdiction may be acquired under the “doing business” rule. If the nonresident corporation is doing business in the forum State it will be considered to have consented to being sued in that State. That rule developed before the Supreme Court adopted the liberal minimum contacts standard in International Shoe. In Pennoyer v. Neff (1878),
The “doing business” approach, however, developed and was accepted as a means to obtain personal jurisdiction over foreign corporations. This court held that a foreign corporation doing business in Illinois was constructively present in this State and its assent to service upon an agent in Illinois could be implied under those circumstances. The corporation, therefore, could be served personally in Illinois in the same manner as a domestic corporation could be. (See American Hide & Leather Co. v. Southern Ry. Co. (1923),
The doing-business standard, of course, continues to be used in determining questions of jurisdiction over foreign corporations not licensed in Illinois (e.g., St. Louis-San Francisco Ry. v. Gitchoff (1977),
In Green v. Advance Rоss Electronics Corp., from which we have quoted above, we held that the long-arm statute was not to be equated with the standard of due process. Here we will not equate the doing-business standard with the mere satisfaction of the minimum-contacts requirement for due process. To do so would render the long-arm statute and the doing-business standard meaningless to many corporate defendants, and it would tie our jurisdictional rules to thе changing standards for due process.
Examining Lexington’s activities according to the doing-business test as applied under decisions of this court, we hold that on the record before us Lexington is not amenable to jurisdiction in Illinois.
There is no all-inclusive test for determining whether a foreign corporation is doing business in this State. In Pembleton v. Illinois Commercial Men's Association (1919),
Jurisdiction has been found, however, in a variety of other activities. A foreign railroad with no Illinois trackage was held to be doing business in St. Louis-San Francisco Ry. Co. v. Gitchoff (1977),
More recently, in Connelly v. Uniroyal, Inc. (1979),
In the foregoing cases, there was a regularity of activities in Illinois that is absent in the case of Lexington. (See St. Louis-San Francisco Ry. Co. v. Gitchoff (1977),
We consider that Lexington was not doing business in Illinois through having an exhibit at three trade shows in Chicago, and its fruitless interview. We note that while Lexington received orders totaling less than $50,000 during each of those trade shows, the record does not show the size of the individual orders. There is no indication whether the persons who ordered merchandise were Illinois residents and that Lexington merchandise was introduced into Illinois. The independent manufacturer’s representative resides in Illinois. The scant references to him in the rеcord are inadequate for us to conclude that because of its association with him Lexington should be deemed to have submitted itself to our jurisdiction for all causes of action which might arise in Illinois. In essence, the record contains a statement that the representative sells Lexington’s merchandise along with products of other manufacturers. The record does not show how much has been sold through him, and there is nо indication of whether the representative is authorized to contract for Lexington or whether he merely transfers orders to Lexington for acceptance. There is no indication of the control, if any, Lexington has over this representative. A Lexington employee accompanied him a few times,' but for what purpose the record fails to show. Nor does it disclose what the Lexington employee did on those occasions.
For the reasons given, the judgment of the appellate court, which reversed the circuit court’s judgment, is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.