207 P. 116 | Mont. | 1922
delivered the opinion of the court.
In an action pending in the district court of Silver Bow county, wherein the Continental Oil Company is plaintiff and the Montana Concrete Company, a corporation,' is defendant, an affidavit was filed on behalf of the plaintiff which recites that on March 9, 1918, plaintiff recovered a judgment against the defendant for $367.81 and costs; that no part thereof has
During the period when the indebtedness constituting the excess was incurred, section 3837, Revised Codes of 1907, was in force. It provided: “The directors of corporations must not make dividends, except from the surplus profits arising from the business thereof; nor must they divide, withdraw or pay to the stockholders, or any of them, any part of the capital stock; nor must they create debts beyond their siibscribed capital stock, or reduce or increase the capital stock, except as hereinafter specially provided. For a violation of the provisions of this section, the directors under whose administration the same may have happened (except those who may have caused their dissent therefrom to be entered at large in the minutes of the directors at the time, or were not present when the same did happen) are, in their individual and private capacity, jointly and severally liable to the corporation and to the creditors thereof in the event of its dissolution, to the full amount of the capital stock so divided, withdrawn, paid out or reduced, or debt contracted,” etc.
On February 21, 1919, section 3837 was amended by elimi nating the words in italics (Chap. 37, Laws 1919; see. 5939, Rev. Codes 1921), and the question is now presented: Did this amendment operate to destroy the right of action which the defendant corporation had against its directors?
Chapter 37, Laws of 1919, provides: “That section 3837 of the Revised Codes of the State of Montana of 1907 be, and the same is hereby amended to read as follows, to-wit”: Then follows the section as amended and the conclusion: “All Acts and parts of Acts in conflict herewith are hereby repealed.”
It is the rule in this state, and elsewhere generally, that whenever the legislature declares that an existing statute
The right of action against the directors recognized by sec- tion 3837 was one created by the statute itself, one which did not exist at common law, and the amending statute jdoes not contain any saving clause. It is the general rule that the repeal of a statute without any reservation takes away all the remedies existing under the repealed Act and defeats all actions pending under it at the time of its repeal. The rule is peculiarly applicable to the repeal of a statute which creates a cause of action providing a remedy not known to the common law. (36 Cye. 1228.) The principle is in harmony with that declared by our own Codes. Section 95, Revised Codes of 1921 (sec. 294, Pol. Code 1895; see. 121, Rev. Codes 1907), declares: “Any statute may be repealed at any time, except when it is otherwise provided therein. Persons acting under any statute are deemed to have acted in contemplation of this power of repeal.”
In 36 Cyc. 1227, it is said: “The repeal of a statute under which penalties recoverable in a civil action have been incurred, will operate to take away all rights to the recovery of such penalties either by the public or by individuals, unless such rights are preserved by a saving clause,” etc.
Counsel for plaintiff contend that, if the effect of Chapter 37 is to destroy the right of action existing against the
Again, counsel contend that, if the effect of Chapter 37 is to wipe out the existing liability of directors, it violates section 13, Article XV, of our Constitution, which provides: “The legislative assembly shall pass no law for the benefit of a * * * corporation, or any individual or association of individuals, retrospective in its operation.” We are unable to admit the validity of this contention. “A law is retrospective in its legal sense which takes away or impairs vested rights acquired under existing laws or creates a new obligation, imposes a new duty or attaches a new disability in respect to transactions or considerations already past.” (7 Words & Phrases, First Series, p. 6199; 4 Words & Phrases, Second Series, p. 373.) As we have observed, there is not any such thing known to the law as a vested right in an unenforced penalty, and, since the only effect of Chapter 37 is to relieve the directors of their individual liability for the penalty imposed by section 3837, it does not impinge upon the constitutional limitation above.
Section 3, Revised Codes of 1921 (see. 3, Pol. Code 1895; sec. 3, Rev. Codes 1907) declares: “No law contained in any of the Codes or other statutes of Montana is retroactive unless expressly so declared.” From this, counsel argue that Chapter 37 cannot be held to relieve directors whose liability had attached prior to February 21, 1919; but the argument has its foundation in the erroneous assumption that Chapter 37 is retroactive merely because it destroys a right of action theretofore existing. The terms “retroactive” and “retrospective,” as applied to laws, are used interchangeably and are synony
In 4 Fletcher’s Cyclopedia Corporations, section 2607, the character of a statute, such as section 3837, and the effect of its repeal, are discussed at length. It is said: “It is generally held that such statutes are penal in such a sense that they may be repealed at any time, even after an action has been commenced by a creditor, without violating constitutional prohibitions against laws impairing the obligation of contracts or interfering with vested rights; and that a creditor has no vested right under such a statute against an officer until he has recovered a judgment against him. In such a case, the legislature may repeal a statute imposing upon directors or other officers a penal liability for corporate debts, not only as against existing creditors, but also as against creditors who have commenced an action, and after the repeal no judgment can be rendered.” (2 Thompson on Corporations, sec. 1331; Credit Men’s Adjustment Co. v. Vickery, 62 Colo. 214, 161 Pac. 297.)
In support of their contention for a contrary rule, counsel for plaintiff cite 12 C. J. 977; but the subject matter there dealt with is the liability of stockholders, and counsel fail to distinguish between the character of a stockholder’s liability and the liability imposed upon a director as such—a distinction recognized by all authorities. (Wiles v. Suydam, 64 N. Y. 173; Flash v. Connecticut, 109 U. S. 371, 27 L. Ed. 966, 3 Sup. Ct. Rep. 263 [see, also, Rose’s U. S. Notes].)
But counsel for plaintiff insist that we have in this state a general saving' statute, and reference is made to sections 8 and 17 of the Eevised Codes of 1907. Section 8 provides: “No action or proceeding commenced before the Code takes effect, and no right accrued, is affected by its provisions,” etc. Section 17 provides for the repeal or abrogation of certain laws, and then proceeds: “This repeal or abrogation does not
No action had been prosecuted to judgment against the directors of the Montana Concrete Company prior to the enactment of Chapter 37, and since by the terms of that Act their liability was extinguished, no purpose could be served by the appointment of a receiver.
The order is affirmed.
Affirmed.