100 Va. 719 | Va. | 1902
delivered the opinion of the court.
This suit was instituted by R. T. Jennings, suing for the benefit and at the risk and cost of himself, as trustee, against
“I hereby agree to furnish Mr. R. T. Jennings what ice he needs at $5 per ton of 2,000 pounds, in quantities of one ton or more, one year from the above date. The said ice is to be sold from his ice-box, and not from his wagons on the street.
JOS. S. MONTGOMERY,
For Consumers Ice Company.”
Two of the words appearing in this contract were interlined, viz., the word “ice,” the eleventh word in the contract, and the word “his,” immediately preceding the word “wagons” in the last line of the contract. The result of the trial was a verdict and judgment for $1,500 in favor of the plaintiff, to which judgment a writ of error was awarded bringing the case, for review, to this court.
The demurrer to the declaration was properly overruled. The contention made in its support is that the suit should have been brought in the name of R. T. Jennings alone, and not in his name for the benefit of himself, as trustee; that R. T. Jennings,, trustee, being the beneficial plaintiff, and the contract of which profert is made being with R. T. Jennings, constitutes a fatal' variance between the declaration and the instrument sued on.
The beneficial interest under the contract was vested in R. T. Jennings, as trustee, and as such trustee he was the real plaintiff in the suit. The contract being with R. T. Jennings, in him was vested the legal title to the benefit of the contract, and. therefore the suit was properly brought in his name for the use of the beneficial plaintiff. The declaration contains a full and' accurate description of the contract sued on. The insertion therein of the clause that the suit was for the benefit of R. T. Jennings, trustee, was not necessary. It is no part of the pleading, and therefore cannot be objected to as a variance. Clarksons v. Doddridge, 14 Gratt. 42; Fadeley v. Williams, 96 Va. 397.
Objection is further made to the action of the -court in allowing the introduction of the paper without sufficient evidence to remove the suspicion attaching to the interlineations therein.
The court required the interlineations to be explained by the plaintiff, who testified that they were made before the paper was signed -and delivered. This is usually regarded as sufficient foundation for the introduction of an interlined paper; the final issue, where the time of interlineation is controverted, being for the jury.
Bills of exception Nos. 2 -and 4, which are taken to the action of the court in refusing to- allow the witness Montgomery to answer certain questions propounded by the defendant, cannot be considered, because what was proposed to be shown by the witness is not given, and therefore the court cannot judge of its materiality. Life Ins. Co. v. Pollard, 94 Va. 146; Driver v. Hartman, 96 Va. 518.
It appears from bill of exception No. 3 that the witness Montgomery, introduced on 'behalf of the defendant, was asked the following question: “You say you have known contracts containing -clauses similar to this one-—To sell from ice-box.’ What is the custom of trade as to their understanding of that?” To which question the witness answered as follows: “It means that the purchaser may sell ice from his ice-box only, and at retail only, say, from two pounds up to one hundred pounds,
It appeai-s from the evidence that during the month of March, 1900, the ice companies of Richmond entered into an agreement not to sell ice to persons who would peddle the same on the streets. This agreement went into effect for the first time on the first day of April, 1900. Prior thereto they had sold without such restriction or limitation. The contract sued on hears date April 3, 1900, leaving hut one intervening day. It is not likely that in so short a time a custom of trade would spring up and become so general and well-established as to have any legal effect upon the contract under consideration. But apart from this, a custom of trade cannot change the intrinsic character of the contract of the parties who are ignorant of such custom. Ferguson v. Gooch, 94 Va. 1. In the case cited it is said to be an elementary proposition that a custom of trade may control the mode of performance of a contract, hut cannot change its intrinsic character. There is no evidence that the plaintiff knew of the custom mentioned. The witness Montgomery, who signed and delivered the paper on 'behalf of the defendant, does not in his answer say that there was such a custom as that suggested by the question, hut proceeds to interpret the paper, and to show that an entirely different contract was intended from that which was reduced to writing by the parties and offered in evidence. This was not permissible, and the question and answer were properly ruled out.
Bill of exception Ho. 5 is to the action of the court in giving and refusing certain instructions.
The jury were further told that if they believed the word “his” was interlined before the signing .and delivery, that then, under the contract with the word “his” as part thereof, the plaintiff had the right to sell ice to .anyone he might desire, although Ke might know and expect the purchasers to peddle the ice from their own wagons, and that the defendant was not justified, because the plaintiff made such sales, in refusing to deliver under the contract such ice as the plaintiff might order; and that if the defendant did refuse to deliver any more ice to the plaintiff because he sold to persons who would peddle the same from their wagons, it was a breach of the contract by the defendant, and they must find for the plaintiff.
Taking the language of the contract, and the usual and ordinary import of the words used, the construction given hv the lower court appears to he free from objection, and there was no error to the prejudice of the defendant in instruction Eo. 1 given for the plaintiff.
In Grubbs v. Burford, 98 Va. 553, it is said that “in ascertaining damages where there is an interference with, or a withholding of property, or a breach of contract, the gain prevented, if provable, may be recovered. Profits which are the difference between the agreed price of something contracted for and its ascertainable value or cost, are recoverable. See Alleghany Iron Co. v. Teaford, 96 Va. 372; and Trigg v. Clay, 88 Va. 330.
In the light of these authorities, instruction Ho. 4 correctly stated the law applicable to the case, and instructions B, 0 and D, which told the jury, in varying form, that the plaintiff could not recover as damages any profits which he should have received from his resale of the ice to other parties, were properly rejected.
The remaining assignment of error to be considered is the action of the court in refusing instruction A asked for by the defendant, and modifying instruction G-.
Instruction A was as follows: “The court instructs the jury that the alterations on the face of the instrument offered in
The modification of instruction Gf was “that there is no extra burden on the plaintiff to show that the contract was not altered by the insertion of the words fice5 and fins5—for on that question the burden of proof is equal.55
The contract in question was executed and delivered to the plaintiff on the 3d day of April, 1900, and remained in his possession until produced on the trial. The interlineation of the word “ice55 does not appear to have been material, hut the interlineation of the word “his55 changes the whole meaning of the ■contract. "Without the word “his55 the plaintiff was limited to selling by retail from his ice-box. With the word “his55 interlined, he was only excluded from selling from his own wagons on the street, but Ms right to sell by wholesale to other wagons to be peddled 'em the street was without restriction. It was, therefore, a vital question whether or not the interlineation of the word “his55 was made before or after the contract was signed and delivered.
The burden is always upon the plaintiff (when the general issue is pleaded) .to make out Ms case, and to establish by a preponderance of evidence every, fact necessary to a recovery by Mm. The case at bar forms no exception to the general rule. In the case of an altered paper, if objected to on that ground, it cannot be introduced at all until sufficient foundation therefor has been laid to satisfy the court as to the propriety of letting it go before the jury. As already stated, the introduction of the paper is usually allowed upon the statement of the plaintiff that the interlineation was made before it was signed and delivered. But tMs action -of the court in admitting the paper does not .affect or shift the burden of proof when the fact is controverted, and there is a contest before the jury. In such case, the burden is upon the party having possession of the instrument, and claim
For the error in refusing instruction “A,” and adding to instruction C, the judgment complained of must be reversed, the verdict set aside, and the cause remanded for a new trial.
Reversed.