OPINION
While the outcome of this case may yield major consequences, we are, as the Commonwealth concedes, confronted with two “relatively narrow” and “more technical issues” on appeal. Appellants’ Br. 3. This lawsuit challenges the constitutionality of two provisions of Pennsylvania’s election code: 25 Pa. Stat. Ann. §§ 2911(b) and 2937. These provisions, respectively, (1) regulate the number of signatures required to attain a position on the general election ballot and (2) govern the process by which private individuals can sue in the Pennsylvania Commonwealth Court to challenge the validity of a candidate’s nomination paper or petition. At the summary judgment stage, the District Court held thаt, acting in combination, the two statutory provisions as applied to the Appellees violated their First and Fourteenth Amendment rights. Yet on appeal the Commonwealth challenges only two technical issues on which it believes it can prevail, even “assuming some constitutional injury.” Appellants’ Br. 3. First, the Commonwealth argues that neither state official sued here has a sufficient connection to the challenged code provisions to be a proper defendant. Second, it argues that the District Court’s order was “incoherent on its face,” id. at 36, and thus provided no practical benefit to the Appellees. For the reasons discussed below, we reject both arguments and will affirm the District Court’s order.
I.
The Appellees in this case are the Constitution Party of Pennsylvania, the Green Party of Pennsylvania, and the Libertarian Party of Pennsylvania; their respective chairmen — Joe Murphy, Carl Romanelli, and Thomas Robert Stevens; James Clymer, a member of the Constitution Party; and Ken Krawchuk, a former Libertarian Party candidate for the U.S. Senate. For ease of reference and consistency with our earlier opinion in this case, we will refer to the Appellees collectively as the “Aspiring Parties.”
A.
In order to fully understand this appeal, it is necessary to provide some background
Major pаrties have the benefit of a publicly funded primary process through which the field of candidates is winnowed down and a party representative is chosen for the general election. See id. § 2862; Rogers,
Even after being received and filed by the Secretary, however, the nomination paper can be subjected to further examination if an individual lodges an objection within seven days of its acceptance and seeks to set aside the nomination paper.
The Pennsylvania Supreme Court has held that, under § 2937, “an awаrd of costs ... is not warranted solely on the basis that the party prevailed”; there must be some further reason, and it is an abuse of discretion for a lower court to award such costs “without identifying any reason specific to [the] case or ... why justice would demand shifting costs to them.” In re Farnese,
In 2004, independent presidential candidate Ralph Nader and his running mate were ordered to pay $81,102.19 in costs under § 2937, following a court determination that their Pennsylvania “signature-gathering campaign involved fraud and deception of massive proportions.” In re Nader,
According to the Aspiring Parties, the Nader decision transformed how § 2937 was understood and applied across the Commonwealth. They claim that the threat of extraordinary costs “caused several minor party candidates either to withhоld or withdraw their nomination petitions” during the 2006 election cycle. Appellees’ Br. at 8. For example, Appellant Krawchuk previously stated that, although the Libertarian Party nominated him as its candidate for United States Senate in 2006, he declined to run “due to the fact that ... Ralph Nader and his running mate ... had recently been ordered to pay $81,102.19.” Constitution Party of Pa. v. Aichele,
As required by § 2911, Romanelli had to obtain 67,070 valid signatures to get on the ballot in 2006. He submitted 93,829 signatures but was removed from the ballot after private parties affiliated with the Democratiс Party filed a successful objection pursuant to § 2937. Romanelli was then ordered to pay costs totaling $80,407.56. In re Nomination Paper of Rogers,
B.
Over the course of the next several election cycles, the effect of the Nader decision
Recognizing this shift in the political calculus following Nader, the Aspiring Parties filed suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 on May 17, 2012, against the Commonwealth. They claimed that, as a result of the increasing imposition of costs on non-major party candidates, §§ 2911(b)
The case was thus remanded to the District Court, which entertained cross-motions for summary judgment on the Aspiring Parties’ request for a declaratory judgment that the provisions violated their constitutional rights.
The District Court considered these claims and held in a well-reasoned opinion that “the near certainty of incurring costs pursuant to § 2987 brings the facts of this case in line with” prior precedent holding that “patently exclusionary” fees were unconstitutional absent alternative means of ballot access. Id. at 501-03. The District Court then noted that “[t]he typical alternative to onerous ballot access сosts” was a higher signature requirement — something already in place in addition to the onerous costs associated with a non-major party bid for a statewide office. Id. at 503. It then concluded that “the combined effect of the signature requirement with Section 2937’s signature validation procedures” substantially burdened the Aspiring Parties’ associational rights, and held both provisions unconstitutional as applied. Id.
In addition, the District Court explained that the Commonwealth’s attempt to rely on Rogers — our earlier opinion holding that § 2911(b)’s signature requirement is facially constitutional — was misplaced. Even though the signature requirement was facially valid, the District Court noted, this did not prevent it from finding the requirement unconstitutional as aрplied in combination with § 2937. Id. at 505. As the District Court made clear, it is not solely the signature requirement nor solely the challenge provision that creates the unconstitutional burden on the Aspiring Parties; it is the interaction of both provisions that causes problems. Thus, as the District Court explained in a footnote, its holding should not be read to facially invalidate § 2911(b). Id. at 508 n. 38. The District Court granted the Aspiring Parties’ motion for summary judgment on their as-applied challenge to §§ 2911(b) and 2937, but granted summary judgment in favor of the Commonwealth on the Aspiring Parties’ facial challenge to § 2937. Id. at 511. The Commonwealth timely appealed this order regarding the as-applied unconstitutionality of both provisions, but the Aspiring Parties chose not to appeal the determination that § 2937 is facially valid.
II.
Because wе are reviewing a grant of summary judgment, our standard of review is plenary. Belitskus v. Pizzingrilli,
The Commonwealth begins by asserting that, “even assuming some constitutional injury,” the District Court’s order in this case should be reversed. Appellants’ Br. at 3. The Commonwealth then makes only two arguments in its briefing, neither of which addresses the substance of the District Court’s ruling on the as-applied challenge. First, the Commonwealth claims that neither official has a sufficient connection to the challenged provisions to be a proper defendant here. Second, it argues thаt the District Court’s declaratory judg
A.
While the Commonwealth begins by arguing that neither official sued here has any connection to the challenged provisions, we believe the appropriate place to begin is with its second argument: that the District Court’s declaratory judgment provided no practical benefit to the Aspiring Parties.
This is the case, the Commonwealth argues, because, “with all due respect to the district court, [its opinion is] incoherent on its face.” Id. at 36. As further evidence of what appears to be some serious confusion on the part of the Commonwealth, it then asks, “[s]o exactly what did the district court ‘declare’ and, more important, what are [the officials] supposed to do in the wake of the declaratory judgment against them?” Id. at 37. The Commonwealth does correctly note that the challenged provisions “remain part of the Election Code,” but then concludes that, as a result, the officials cannot “protect the [Aspiring] Parties from the operation of 25 Pa. Stat. Ann. § 2937” because “[t]hey have no ability to prevent private parties from invoking that statutory provision to challenge the nomination papers.” Id. at 37-38.
This argument shows that the Commonwealth fails to appreciate the difference between a facial and an as-applied challenge. “The distinction between facial and as-applied challenges ... goes to the breadth of the remedy employed by the Court.” Citizens United v. Fed. Election Comm’n, 558 U.S. 310, 331,
To accept this reasoning would mean that there is no mechanism in place that would allow private parties to bring a challenge under § 2937 against the Aspiring Parties. The Commonwealth is therefore wrong that the signature requirement can be enforced against the Aspiring Parties in the form of a private suit brought pursuant to an unconstitutional provision of Pennsylvania’s election code. Indeed, the Commonwealth in its reply brief seems to acknowledge as much, noting that “[i]f [the Aspiring Parties] were not required to file nomination papers [under § 2911(b)], there would not be anything for anyone to challenge ....”
Seen in this light, it is readily apparent that the District Court’s order was not incoherent on its face and indeed provides the Aspiring Parties with a very practical benefit. As we held in Aichele, “[i]f the Commonwealth officials do not enforce the election provisions at issue, then the Aspiring Parties will not be burdened by the nomination scheme embodied in §§ 2911(b) and 2937.”
B.
The Commonwealth also argues that the District Court erred because the two state officials sued in this case had no connection to the enforcement of the provisions сausing harm to the Aspiring Parties, and
As we have held on multiple occasions, while suits against a, non-consenting State are barred by the Eleventh Amendment, a party can sue a state official under Ex Parte Young for acting in violation of a federal law or the Constitution:
The theory behind Young is that a suit to halt the enforcement of a state law in conflict with the federal constitution is an action against the individual officer chargеd with that enforcement and ceases to be an action against the state to which sovereign immunity extends; the officer is stripped of his official or representative character and becomes subject to the consequences of his individual conduct.
MCI Telecomm. Corp. v. Bell Atl. Pa.,
More specifically, this case was brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, which allows an individual to bring suit against a state official who is acting “under color of state law” — a requirement that parallels the “state action” requirement elucidated in Ex parte Young actions brought pursuant to the Fourteenth Amendment. See, e.g., Am. Mfrs. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Sullivan,
Our case law likewise supports the notion that the Appellants in this case play a sufficient role in administering § 2911(b) and other ballot-access provisions to be named as the defendants in Appellees’ § 1983 suit. See Rogers,
Despite the clear history of allowing § 1983 suits to proceed against election officials in cases similar to this one, the Commonwealth attempts to pin blame for the harm to the Aspiring Parties on everyone exсept the officials who were sued. First, the Commonwealth claims that it is the Commonwealth Court that adjudicates the disputes, “without the involvement of executive branch officials.” Appellants’ Br. at 31. The Commonwealth then argues that it is not actually the Commonwealth Court, but the individual challengers suing under § 2937 who cause injury to the Aspiring Parties. Thus, according to the Commonwealth, because “neither [the] Commonwealth Court nor private parties are obliged to follow the district court’s decision,” “Secretary Cortes and Commissioner Marks [cannot] protect the [Aspiring] Parties from the operation of 25 Pa. Stat. Ann. § 2937.” This is because they have “no ability” to prevent private suit under the statute or to prevent how the Commonwealth Court will rule on the challenge. Id. at 37-38.
This argument falls apart once one properly understands the District Court’s opinion. The Commonwealth seems to believe that, because both provisions are facially constitutional, the Aspiring Parties still have to gather signatures and submit them for review by the Commonwealth.
Indeed, the very actions of the two officials in this case show how incongruous the Commonwealth’s position is. As brought to our attention by the Aspiring Parties in a Rule 28(j) letter, the Commonwealth’s Department of State sent a letter to the Aspiring Parties explaining that, under § 2911(b), all political body candidates for statewide office must collect 21,775 signatures in 2016. The letter then explained that because “[n]o court has issued any decision altering the duty of candidates to comply with 25 P.S. § 2911(b),” both Secretary Cortes and Commissioner Mаrks “are obligated to follow 25 P.S. § 2911(b) as usual and intend to do so in 2016.” The clear import of this letter is that the two named officials plan to enforce §§ 2911(b) and 2937 against the Aspiring Parties in 2016. While this would be in clear violation of the District Court’s order for the reasons discussed above, the letter on its face also refutes the claim that neither official has any connection to the enforcement of
Even putting aside the admissions of the Commonwealth, Pennsylvania’s election code is replete with provisions discussing the role Secretary Cortes plays in administering it. Section 2911(b), for example, vests in the Secretary the statutory duty to “receive and determine, as herein provided; the sufficiency” of nomination papers. 25 Pa. Stat. Ann. § 2621(d); id. § 2911(b). Indeed, according to the code, “[w]hen any nomination petition, nomination certificate or nomination paper is presented in the office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth or of any county board of elections for filing ..., it shall be the duty of the said officer or board to examine the same.” Id. § 2936. Further, as we noted in Aichele, “[t]o appear on the general election ballot, minor parties and political bodies are required to file nomination papers with the Secretary of the Commonwealth.”
Furthermore, we have already addressed the Commonwealth’s related claim that proper defendants in this case are the individual citizens challenging nomination papers under § 2937. In Aichele, we held regarding standing that “[t]he Commonwealth cannot hide behind the behavior of third parties when its officials are responsible for administering the election code that empowers those third parties to have the pernicious influence alleged in the Complaint.”
Finally, we note that the Commonwealth’s attempt to separate the two challenged provisions, and thus disclaim responsibility for administering § 2937, also fails. Permitting such a fragmentation of the Aspiring Parties’ claims would prevent meaningful review of the real harm caused by the statutory scheme in place here. See
C.
Our holding, of course, does not prevent the legislature from amending its election code to create new, constitutional, provisions that regulate access to the general election ballot. Nor do we express any view as to whether the Commonwealth could choose to enforce only one or the other provision against the Aspiring Parties. We simply hold that what the Commonwealth cannot do is avoid the clear import of the District Court’s order in this case: that §§ 2911(b) and 2937, when enforced together, are unconstitutional as applied to the Aspiring Parties.
III.
For the reasons stated above, we will affirm the District Court’s order granting summary judgment on Counts I and II in favor of the Aspiring Parties.
Notes
. As we previously noted,
Despite referring to themselves as the "Minor Parties,” the organizational Appell[ees] 'are in fact not minor parties but are “political bodies” for purposes of the election code.... The term "party” also has an equivocal character, indicating both a political party and a litigant in a lawsuit. Thus, we have created our own term. We use it only to capture the idea that both the individual Appell[ees] and the organizational Appell[ees] aspire tо full political participation.
Constitution Party of Pa. v. Aichele,
. We borrow much of Part I.A from our earlier opinion in this case as the facts underlying
. This number is calculated according to 25 Pa. Stat. Ann. § 2911(b), which requires a nomination paper for a statewide office to include valid signatures equal to two percent of the vote total of the candidate with the largest number of votes for any statewide office in the previous election.
. While' not always used consistently, under the election code only major party candidates file "petitions” while candidates of non-major parties file "papers.” Aichele,
. Because the challenge to Romanelli's candidacy in 2006 was successful, under 25 Pa. Stat. Ann. § 2831(a), nonе of the Aspiring Parties qualified as minor parties leading up to the 2008 election. They were thus reclassified as political bodies.
. The statute provides in relevant part: “Where the nomination is for any office to be filled by the electors of the State at large, the number of qualified electors of the State signing such nomination paper shall be at least equal to two per centum of the largest entire vote cast for any elected candidate in the State at large at the last preceding' election at which State-wide candidates were voted for....” 25 Pa. Stat. Ann. § 2911(b).
. The statute provides in relevant part: "All nomination petitions and papers received and filеd within the periods limited by this act shall be deemed to be valid, unless, within seven days after the last day for filing said nomination petition or paper, a petition is presented to the court specifically setting forth the objections thereto, and praying that the said petition or paper be set aside.” 25 Pa. Stat. Ann. § 2937.
. The Aspiring Parties also argued that § 2937 was facially unconstitutional, but the District Court disagreed and held in favor of the Commonwealth on this claim. This issue was not appealed by the Aspiring Parties and is therefore not before us.
. Indeed, this Court has previously upheld the facial validity of the signature requirement in Rogers v. Corbett,
. The Aspiring Parties filed suit pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The District Court therefore exercised subject matter jurisdiction over this case pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §1331. We have jurisdiction to review a district court’s final decision pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
. In its opening brief, the Commonwealth notes that "[t]he legal rub here is that, even assuming some constitutional injury, or potential injury, has been inflicted on the litigants ... that injury was not and could not be inflicted by the two officials they sued....” Appellants' Br. at 3. The Commonwealth then makes the two arguments discussed above but never addresses the District Court’s opinion on the merits. The Aspiring Parties take note of this and state that "the Commonwealth concedes that the challenged statutory scheme is unconstitutional as applied to the Minor Parties.” Appellees’ Br. at 28. In its reply, the Commonwealth argues that "[t]here was no concession.” Appellants’ Reply Br. at 3. Instead, the Commonwealth tries to argue that somehow they were able to dodge the merits of this case by assuming an injury and only raising these narrower issues on appeal. This displays a fundamental misunderstanding of the federal appellate process: by not challenging the merits of the District Court's order, if the Commonwealth loses on the two arguments it raised in this appeal, the order will remain in effect and the Commonwealth will not be able to enforce both provisions against the Aspiring Parties. Indeed, at oral argument the Commonwealth conceded that this was a conscious decision, but when asked why it chose such a litigation strategy, its answеr was more opaque than illuminating. See Oral Argument at 00:10:20, Cortes v. Constitution Party of Pa., (No. 15-3046).
. In other words, the District Court found that, even though § 2937 applies to major and minor parties, "there is no evidence that Section 2937 is having any impact on the speech of major parties or their candidates.” The Constitution Party of Pa. v. Cortes,
. We express no view as to whether the Commonwealth could constitutionally enforce only one of the two provisions against the Aspiring Parties. We are not confronted with that issue here and need not reach it.
. The Commonwealth does' try to argue, un-persuasively, that any challenge to the signature requirement is foreclosed by our earlier decision in Rogers v. Corbett,
. While this language was in reference to redressability for purposes of standing, its reasoning is certainly persuasive.
. In addition, at oral argument, the Commonwealth admitted that, administratively, the officials sued here were responsible for "preparing the ballots” and thus listing who is eligible as a candidate in that election. Oral Argument at 00:7:05, Cortes v. Constitution Party of Pa., (No. 15-3046).
. When pressed at oral argument, the Commonwealth also admitted that the two officials here have a role to play in enforcing § 2911(b). Oral Argument at 00:01:20, Cortes v. Constitution Party of Pa., (No. 15-3046).
. If this were not enough, the Commonwealth's website also explains that Commissioner Marks “will oversee the administration of the Elections, Notaries Public, Commissions and Legislation programs. He is also responsible for planning, developing and coordinating statewide implementation of the Election Code.” Pennsylvania Department of State, http://www.dos.pa.gov/about-us/Pages/ Commissioner,-Bureau-of-Commissions,Elections,-and-Legislation.aspx#.VugKoOIr Kig (last visited April 18, 2016).