583 N.W.2d 260 | Mich. Ct. App. | 1998
DEPARTMENT OF CONSUMER AND INDUSTRY SERVICES, Michigan Board of Chiropratic formerly known as Department of Commerce, Appellant,
v.
Mark Hall HOFFMANN, D.C., Appellee.
Court of Appeals of Michigan.
*261 Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey, Solicitor General, and Howard C. Marderosian, Assistant Attorney General, for Department of Consumer and Industry Services.
Holly Glazier, East Lansing, for Mark H. Hoffman.
Before HOEKSTRA, P.J., and JANSEN and GAGE, JJ.
JANSEN, Judge.
The Department of Consumer and Industry Services appeals as of right from the Board of Chiropractic Disciplinary Subcommittee's dismissal of a cease and desist order entered by the Office of Health Services (within the Bureau of Occupational and Professional Regulation) against Mark Hall Hoffmann, D.C. The cease and desist order required that appellee stop performing chiropractic manipulation on animals. We reverse *262 the order of the disciplinary subcommittee and remand.
Appellee became a licensed chiropractor in 1990. As part of his practice, appellee, who does not have a veterinary license, provides chiropractic treatment to horses. On September 1, 1995, the department issued to appellee a notice and order to cease and desist. The notice alleged that appellee was in violation of the Public Health Code[1] because he was treating horses by manipulating their spines without having a veterinary license. On September 25, 1995, appellee requested a hearing, and the hearing was held on February 26, 1996. The hearing referee issued a proposal for decision on March 7, 1996. The hearing referee concluded that because the care and treatment of animals is not specifically included in the scope of chiropractic and is specifically included in the scope of practice for veterinarians, the practice of equine chiropractic by a chiropractor who is not a veterinarian is outside the scope of chiropractic and is illegal. The hearing referee also concluded that appellee was not being supervised by a veterinarian such that appellee's manipulation of horses' spines could be done pursuant to M.C.L. § 333.16109(2); M.S.A. § 14.15(16109)(2).
After the parties filed their responses to the hearing referee's proposal for decision, the disciplinary subcommittee dismissed the cease and desist order on September 27, 1996. Although it accepted the hearing referee's factual findings, the disciplinary subcommittee disagreed with the hearing referee's reasoning. The disciplinary subcommittee ruled that there was no specific statutory or administrative rule limiting or including equine chiropractic care for either a chiropractor or a veterinarian. It also found that M.C.L. § 333.16401; M.S.A. § 14.15(16401) did not limit the practice of chiropractic to humans. Therefore, the disciplinary subcommittee found that there was no statutory violation by appellee because he was merely performing spinal manipulation, which is within the scope of chiropractic. The department moved for rehearing and reconsideration, but that motion was denied in an order dated January 27, 1997.
The sole issue on appeal is whether the scope of chiropractic as defined in M.C.L. § 333.16401; M.S.A. § 14.15(16401) authorizes chiropractors, who do not have veterinary licenses, to treat animals. We hold that the scope of chiropractic does not include the treatment of animals. We, therefore, reverse the decision of the disciplinary subcommittee because the decision is based on a substantial and material error of law. M.C.L. § 24.306(1)(f); M.S.A. § 3.560(206)(1)(f).
Because the scope of chiropractic is statutorily defined, the question whether a given activity is within the authorized scope of chiropractic is one of statutory construction to be decided by the court. Hofmann v. Auto Club Ins. Ass'n, 211 Mich.App. 55, 67, 535 N.W.2d 529 (1995). "Practice of chiropractic" is defined in M.C.L. § 333.16401(1)(b); M.S.A. § 14.15(16401)(1)(b), which provides:
"Practice of chiropractic" means that discipline within the healing arts which deals with the nervous system and its relationship to the spinal column and its interrelationship with other body systems. Practice of chiropractic includes:
(i) Diagnosis, including spinal analysis to determine the existence of spinal subluxations or misalignments that produce nerve interference, indicating the necessity for chiropractic care.
(ii) The adjustment of spinal subluxations or misalignments and related bones and tissues for the establishment of neural integrity utilizing the inherent recuperative powers of the body for restoration and maintenance of health.
(iii) The use of analytical instruments, nutritional advice, rehabilitative exercise and adjustment apparatus regulated by rules promulgated by the board pursuant to section 16423, and the use of x-ray machines in the examination of patients for *263 the purpose of locating spinal subluxations or misaligned vertebrae of the human spine. The practice of chiropractic does not include the performance of incisive surgical procedures, the performance of an invasive procedure requiring instrumentation, or the dispensing or prescribing of drugs or medicine.
The disciplinary subcommittee determined that the above statutory provision does not specifically limit the practice of chiropractic to humans, except for § 16401(1)(b)(iii) providing for the use of x-ray machines. The disciplinary subcommittee concluded that the definition of chiropractic was not limited to the human nervous system or spinal column.
This case requires us to construe a statutory provision. The "cardinal rule" of statutory construction is to identify and give effect to the intent of the Legislature. Shallal v. Catholic Social Services of Wayne Co., 455 Mich. 604, 611, 566 N.W.2d 571 (1997). The first step in determining intent is to examine the language of the statute itself. Id. The language is to be given its ordinary and generally accepted meaning. Id. Judicial construction is authorized only where the language lends itself to more than one interpretation. Id.
Subsections 1(b)(i) and 1(b)(ii) authorize the diagnosis and adjustment of spinal subluxations and misalignments in terms not explicitly limited to human spines, while subsection 1(b)(iii) specifically authorizes the use of x-ray machines for the purpose of locating spinal subluxations or misaligned vertebrae of the human spine. The disciplinary subcommittee's interpretation of the statute would permit a chiropractor to diagnose and adjust spinal subluxations and misalignments in humans and animals, while limiting a chiropractor's use of x-ray machines to humans. We believe that this interpretation would lead to an illogical result, which is disfavored when construing statutes. Gross v. General Motors Corp., 448 Mich. 147, 164, 528 N.W.2d 707 (1995) (statutes must be construed to prevent absurd or illogical results and to give effect to their purposes). This is because it would be unreasonable or illogical to allow chiropractors to diagnose and adjust spinal misalignments in animals while allowing the use of x-rays only in the examination of humans.
Moreover, the disciplinary subcommittee's interpretation ignored all prior statutory definitions of chiropractic that explicitly limited all aspects of the practice of chiropractic to humans. As noted in the department's brief, the practice of medicine was first regulated by the Legislature with 1899 P.A. 237, which created the medical practice board. In 1913, the Legislature recognized drugless healers for the first time and granted the Board of Medicine the authority to certify and regulate such individuals. 1913 P.A. 368. The 1913 amendments provided "for licensing persons desiring to practice a system of treatment of human ailments without resort to drugs, medicine, or surgery." Locke v. Ionia Circuit Judge, 184 Mich. 535, 538, 151 N.W. 623 (1915). The Board of Chiropractic was then created in 1933. Specifically, 1933 P.A. 145 defined the practice of chiropractic as:
Sec. 6. The license provided for in this act shall entitle the holder thereof to practice chiropractic in the state of Michigan, and for the purpose of this act chiropractic is defined as "the locating of misaligned or displaced vertebrae of the human spine, the procedure preparatory to and the adjustment by hand of such misaligned or displaced vertebrae and surrounding bones or tissues".
In 1968, the Legislature amended the definition of chiropractic as:
Sec. 6. The license provided for in this act shall entitle the holder thereof to practice chiropractic in the state of Michigan, and for the purpose of this act chiropractic is defined as "the locating of misaligned or displaced vertebrae of the human spine, the procedure preparatory to and the adjustment by hand of such misaligned or displaced vertebrae and surrounding bones or tissues, for the restoration and maintenance of health." A licensed doctor of chiropractic under this act may use x-ray and such analytical instruments as are approved by the Michigan board of chiropractic examiners in the examination of patients solely for the purpose of locating misaligned or displaced vertebrae of the *264 human spine and for the procedures preparatory thereto. [1968 P.A. 73.]
The Public Health Code, the present statutory system, was enacted in 1978. See 1978 P.A. 368. Although the present definition of the practice of chiropractic was expanded by the 1978 amendments, there is nothing in the Public Health Code indicating that the practice of chiropractic includes animals other than humans. See Attorney General v. Beno, 422 Mich. 293, 317, 373 N.W.2d 544 (1985) ("There is nothing in this wording [of § 16401] which shows an intent to authorize the treatment of areas other than the human spine."). Rather, the Public Health Code expands the practice of chiropractic by including the nervous system, its relationship to the spinal column, and its interrelationship with other body systems. The expanded definition of practice of chiropractic also includes the use of analytical instruments, nutritional advice, rehabilitative exercise, and adjustment apparatus in the examination of patients to locate spinal subluxations or misaligned vertebrae of the human spine. See § 16401(1)(b)(iii).
Additionally, the legislative history indicates that the Legislature did not intend to expand the practice of chiropractic to include animals. Senate Fiscal Agency Analysis, HB 4070 (1978), states in relevant part:
Following lengthy [sic] deliberation in the House which resulted in a compromise, the chiropractic scope of practice was expanded to include "the nervous system and its relationship to the spinal column and its interrelationship with other body systems;" diagnosis including spinal analysis; establishment of neural integrity utilizing the inherent recuperative powers of the body for restoration and maintenance of health; nutritional advice; and rehabilitative exercise. The new scope of practice specifically excludes "the performance of incisive surgical procedures, the performance of an invasive procedure requiring instrumentation, or the dispensing or prescribing of drugs or medicine."
Therefore, in light of the legislative history, and the wording of § 16401(1)(b), we find no legislative intent to allow chiropractors to perform spinal diagnosis and adjustments on animals. The disciplinary subcommittee's finding to the contrary is a substantial and material error of law, and we concur with the hearing referee's conclusion that a chiropractor who is not a licensed veterinarian does not have the authority to practice chiropractic on horses or other animals.
In Beno, supra, p. 303, 373 N.W.2d 544, our Supreme Court stated:
[T]he purpose of the licensing statute is not to prohibit the doing of those acts that are excluded from the definition of chiropractic, but to make it unlawful to do without a license those things that are within the definition. In other words, appellant's activities are not automatically enjoinable merely because they are not within the scope of chiropractic practice. Rather, an injunction is only proper, under article 15 of the Health Code, upon a finding that the practices complained of constitute a "violation" of a statute or rule promulgated under article 15. M.C.L. § 333.16291(1); M.S.A. § 14.15(16291)(1). An obvious example of enjoinable activities are those that constitute the practice of medicine where the actor is without a medical license to do so. M.C.L. § 333.17001(c); M.S.A. § 14.15(17001)(c).
Veterinarians are also regulated under the Public Health Code. M.C.L. § 333.18801 et seq.; M.S.A. § 14.15(18801) et seq. "Animal" is specifically defined as an animal other than a human being. M.C.L. § 333.18802(2); M.S.A. § 14.15(18802)(2). Practice of veterinary medicine is defined as:
(a) Prescribing or administering a drug, medicine, treatment, or method of procedure; performing an operation or manipulation; applying an apparatus or appliance; or giving an instruction or demonstration designed to alter an animal from its normal condition.
(b) Curing, ameliorating, correcting, reducing, or modifying a disease, deformity, defect, wound, or injury in or to an animal.
(c) Diagnosing or prognosing, or both, a disease, deformity, or defect in an animal by a test, procedure, manipulation, technique, autopsy, biopsy, or other examination. [M.C.L. § 333.18805(2); M.S.A. § 14.15(18805)(2) (emphasis added).] *265 Therefore, appellee's action of performing spinal adjustments on horses is contemplated by the statutes regulating veterinary medicine. This lends further support to finding that the Legislature did not intend for chiropractors to practice chiropractic on animals. Further, to this extent, the cease and desist order was properly entered to enjoin appellee from performing chiropractic manipulation on horses or other animals without having a license to practice veterinary medicine. M.C.L. § 333.16291(1); M.S.A. § 14.15(16291)(1).
We lastly address the issue whether appellee was properly under the supervision of a veterinarian such that he could lawfully perform chiropractic adjustments on horses. A veterinarian may delegate the authority to practice equine chiropractic to a chiropractor as long as the chiropractor is qualified by education, training, or experience where the act is done under the veterinarian's supervision. M.C.L. § 333.16215(1); M.S.A. § 14.15(16215)(1). M.C.L. § 333.16109(2); M.S.A. § 14.15(16109)(2) provides:
"Supervision", except as otherwise provided in this article, means the overseeing of or participation in the work of another individual by a health professional licensed under this article in circumstances where at least all of the following conditions exist:
(a) The continuous availability of direct communication in person or by radio, telephone, or telecommunication between the supervised individual and a licensed health professional.
(b) The availability of a licensed health professional on a regularly scheduled basis to review the practice of the supervised individual, to provide consultation to the supervised individual, to review records, and to further educate the supervised individual in the performance of the individual's functions.
(c) The provision by the licensed supervising health professional of predetermined procedures and drug protocol.
The hearing referee found, as a factual matter, that appellee was not under a veterinarian's supervision as statutorily defined. This factual finding is supported by the record. Horse owners were usually, but not always, referred to appellee by a veterinarian. Dr. John Haberline, a licensed veterinarian, had referred horse owners to appellee and Dr. Haberline was available to appellee by a pager. The hearing referee found, correctly we believe, that "the informal availability described by Dr. Haberline does not meet the [statutory] requirement for supervision." Therefore, appellee does not have the authority to practice equine chiropractic under M.C.L. § 333.16215(1); M.S.A. § 14.15(16215)(1) because he is not being "supervised" as that term is defined in M.C.L. § 333.16109(2); M.S.A. § 14.15(16109)(2).
The disciplinary subcommittee's order to dismiss the notice and order to cease and dismiss is reversed. We remand to the disciplinary subcommittee to enter an order that appellee shall not perform chiropractic diagnosis and adjustment of animals without having a license to practice veterinary medicine, unless appellee is properly under the supervision of a licensed veterinarian as defined in M.C.L. § 333.16109(2); M.S.A. § 14.15(16109)(2).
NOTES
[1] Specifically, the chiropractic statute is found at M.C.L. § 333.16401 et seq.; M.S.A. § 14.15(16401) et seq.
