OPINION
{1 Petitioner Valerie J. Connell (Wife) appeals various rulings in the trial court's sixty-five-page divorce decree. We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
BACKGROUND
T2 Wife and Respondent Harold G. Con-nell (Husband) married in 1986. At the time, Wife had one child, whom Husband later adopted. The parties had six children together. At the time of the divorce petition, these children were ages fourteen, eleven, eight, six, four, and almost two.
13 After several temporary separations, the parties separated permanently in October 2001. Wife remained in the marital home with the children, made the house payments, and paid the children's expenses. She filed for divorce in April 2002, and in May 2002, the trial court entered temporary orders. Wife was granted custody of the children. Husband was ordered to maintain health insurance for Wife and the children and car insurance on the parties' vehicles. The court also ordered Husband to pay $230 per month in alimony and $1797 per month in child support. Further, on the assumption that Wife would need to work outside the home, the court ordered the parties to share equally any work-related child care expenses. Husband repeatedly failed to comply with these orders. The court found him in contempt at least once with respect to each of the orders.
T4 In September 2005, the trial court bifurcated the proceedings and granted Wife a divoree. After a four-day trial in late 2006, the trial court entered findings of fact and conclusions of law respecting property distribution, alimony, child support, attorney fees, and related matters. It entered a final amended divorcee decree in June 2008. Wife appeals.
ISSUES AND STANDARDS OF REVIEW
15 Wife's claims on appeal fall into four categories. First, she contends that the trial court erred by terminating alimony when she began working full-time in November 2008 and by denying future alimony. "We review a trial court's award of alimony for an abuse of discretion." Bakanowski v. Bakanowski,
16 Second, Wife contends that the trial court erred by awarding her only 15% of her attorney fees. Generally, "[wle review a trial court's decision regarding attorney fees in a divorcee proceeding for an abuse of discretion." Jensen v. Jensen,
17 Third, Wife contends that the trial court erred by denying retroactive child support and nanny care costs. We review a trial court's child support order for an abuse of discretion. See Hill v. Hill,
T8 Finally, Wife contends that the trial court erred by refusing to award her reimbursement for one-half of the mortgage payments she made on the parties' marital home. We treat this issue as a request for
ANALYSIS
I. Alimony
T9 Wife challenges the trial court's decision to terminate her alimony after November 2008 and deny her future alimony. "[The principal purpose of alimony is economic, to enable the receiving spouse to maintain as nearly as possible the standard of living enjoyed during the marriage and to prevent the spouse from becoming a public charge." Myers v. Myers,
110 Wife contends that the trial court's decision to terminate alimony and deny future alimony was based on three subsidiary errors by the trial court: (1) failure to adequately consider all of the mandatory statutory factors; (2) failure to impute Husband's higher historical income to him; and (3) failure to enforee the court's own prior ruling that Husband would be precluded from claiming that his second wife (Second Wife) was unable to share living expenses. We address each contention in turn.
A. Statutory Factors
11 Wife contends that the trial court failed to make adequate factual findings regarding the third mandatory factor set forth in Utah Code section 80-3-5, Husband's ability to provide support. See Utah Code Ann. § 80-3-5(8)(a)iii). Specifically, Wife argues that the trial court's consideration of Husband's ability to pay was limited to examining his monthly income. Wife does not challenge the court's analysis under any of the other statutory factors.
$12 In determining alimony, the trial court must consider several statutory factors, including the recipient spouse's needs and earning capacity and the payor spouse's ability to pay. See id. § 30-3-5(8).
3
For each statutory factor, "the trial court must make sufficiently detailed findings of fact ... to enable a reviewing court to ensure that the trial court's discretionary determination was rationally based upon these ... factors." Bell v. Bell,
[ 13 Here, the trial court found that Husband had a monthly income of $5996, a monthly rent payment of $752, monthly living expenses for himself and Second Wife of $1500, child-care costs of $380 per month, and child support payments of $1394 per month. Further, the court referenced Husband's financial declaration, which included a detailed list of Husband's other expenses, including insurance and transportation expenses. The court even attempted to estimate Husband's net monthly income to the penny after subtracting all expenses, including Wife's requested alimony award. In short, the trial court's findings are sufficient ly detailed to demonstrate that its determination of alimony was rationally based. We find no abuse of discretion here.
B. Imputation of Income
T14 Wife contends that the trial court erred in determining Husband's monthly income. During the marriage, Husband worked at Novell, Inc., where he earned $7979 per month. In June 2001, he left Novell to work for the Corporation of the Presiding Bishop, and then in February 2006 he took a job at Brigham Young University (BYU), where he earned $5996 per month. However, Husband was forced to resign from BYU because he failed to fulfill a condition of employment. At the time of the divorce decree, Husband was earning $5000 per month. During the marriage, Husband was the family's sole breadwinner. Beginning in November 2003, however, Wife began working full-time, earning about $6700 per month. Husband remarried in October 2005 and became the sole breadwinner in his new household.
§ 15 The trial court set Husband's monthly income at $5996, the amount he was earning while working at BYU. That amount was more than he was earning at the time of trial but less than the $7979 per month he had earned at Novell. Wife contends that the trial court should have imputed to Husband his higher Novell income because he "voluntarily" left his employment there. The court's failure to do so, she argues, was an abuse of discretion.
[12] $116 A court may impute income to an underemployed spouse for purposes of calculating alimony. See Griffith v. Griffith,
117 However, a finding of voluntary underemployment does not require a court to impute the higher income; it merely allows it to do so. See Hill v. Hill,
18 Here, the trial court found that Husband's decision to leave Novell for other employment was reasonably calculated to maximize his income. The court found persuasive Husband's testimony that he left Novell for a slightly lower paying job out of a legitimate concern that he would be laid off, Thus, the decrease in Husband's income upon leaving Novell "resulted not from his personal preference or voluntary decisions, but instead resulted from events beyond his control." Hall,
119 However, the trial court found that Husband was voluntarily underemployed as a result of a different employment move. The court found that Husband's forced resignation from BYU was caused by his voluntary failure to maintain compliance with conditions of employment there. Accordingly, although Husband was earning $5000 at the time of trial, the court imputed to him an income of $5996 per month, the amount he was earning while employed at BYU.
120 These rulings of the trial court fall within its broad discretion. We see no basis for disturbing them.
C. Unenforeed Ruling
{21 Wife contends that the trial court erred by failing to enforee its own prior ruling that would have barred Husband from claiming that Second Wife was unable to work and contribute to his living expenses.
22 For purposes of determining the pay- or's ability to pay alimony, the trial court may consider the payor's "subsequent spouse's financial ability to share living expenses." Utah Code Ann. § 30-3-5(8)(g)(iii)(A) (2008). During discovery, Wife sought, through document requests and by scheduling a deposition, financial information relating to Second Wife's ability to share living expenses. However, Wife was unable to obtain all of Second Wife's relevant financial information, was forced to cancel the deposition, and was consequently unable to fully explore Second Wife's ability to share living expenses. Wife's efforts were thwarted, in the trial court's words, because of Husband's "unvarying pattern ... [of] trying to duck and to evade and to avoid and to withhold" relevant information. As a result, the trial court imposed on him a five-day jail sentence. In an apparent attempt to maintain the trial date without penalizing Wife for Husband's intransigence in discovery, the trial court promised to prevent Husband from defending on any issue in which Husband withheld discovery:
If it turns out that we get to trial and [Wife] is unable to present the necessary evidence based on [Husband's] failure to provide the necessary evidence through the discovery, I'm going to make the ruling that [Husband] will be precluded from defending on that issue; so, in effect, [Wife] get[s] part of what [she] want{s].[ 5 ]
23 On appeal, Wife asserts that the trial court "should have enforced its [previous rJuling and held that [Husband] is precluded from defending on th{is] issue." We understand Wife's argument to be that Husband should have been barred from asserting that Wife failed to show Second Wife's ability to contribute to living expenses.
24 We conclude that this issue was not preserved. "[In order to preserve an issue for appeal the issue must be presented to the trial court in such a way that the trial court has an opportunity to rule on that issue." Pratt v. Nelson,
125 At trial, Wife never asked the trial court to preclude Husband from defending
II. Attorney Fees
126 Wife contends that the trial court erred by awarding her only 15% of her attorney fees. Because we conclude that the trial court incorrectly interpreted the statutes governing the determination of attorney fees, we reverse and remand for further proceedings.
127 Pursuant to Utah Code seetion 80-83-83, a trial court may award attorney fees in a divoree action. See Utah Code Ann. § 30-83-38 (Supp.2009). "Both the decision to award attorney fees and the amount of such fees are within the trial court's sound discretion." Stonehocker v. Stonehocker,
28 Utah Code section 30-8-8 creates two classes of attorney fees-those incurred in establishing court orders and those incurred in enforcing court orders:
(1) In any action ... to establish an order of custody, parent-time, child support, alimony, or division of property in a domestic case, the court may order a party to pay the costs, attorney fees, and witness fees, including expert witness fees, of the other party to enable the other party to prosecute or defend the action. The order may include provision for costs of the action.
(2) In any action to enforce an order of custody, parent-time, child support, alimony, or division of property in a domestic case, the court may award costs and attorney fees upon determining that the party substantially prevailed upon the claim or defense. The court, in its discretion, may award no fees or limited fees against a party if the court finds the party is impecunious or enters in the record the reason for not awarding fees.
Utah Code Ann. § 80-8-3(1)-(2) (emphases added). Fees awarded under subsection (1) must be based on the usual factors of need, ability to pay, and reasonableness. See Sto-mehocker,
129 The subsections have different requirements because they have different purposes. Attorney fees are granted under subsection (1) to enable a party "to prosecute or defend the action." Id. § 80-8-3(1). Without such a provision, a spouse lacking a separate income would be unable to meaningfully participate in divorcee proceedings. Consequently, the moving spouse's need is a sine qua non of a subsection (1) award. See
1 30 In contrast, fee awards under subsection (2) serve no equalizing function but allow the moving party to collect fees unnecessarily incurred due to the other party's recalcitrance. See Finlayson,
131 Here, the trial court conflated these two analyses. It ordered Husband to pay 15% of Wife's total attorney fees without distinguishing subsection (1) fees based on Wife's need and Husband's ability to pay from subsection (2) fees based on whether Wife substantially prevailed in enforcing previously entered orders. Rather, in determining Wife's "general award" of attorney fees, the court "look[ed] at the overall success of [Wife] on the important issues," including issues related to establishing court orders as well as enforcing them. The majority of Wife's legal work was for the purpose of establishing domestic orders, including those determining alimony, child support, and parent-time. To the extent Wife was establishing orders, her need was relevant but whether she substantially prevailed was not. On the other hand, Wife brought nine separate motions to enforce the court's prior orders. In every instance she prevailed. That fact was central to her recovery of attorney fees on those motions; her need was not, see Finlayson,
132 Accordingly, we reverse the trial court's determination of attorney fees and remand for further proceedings. On remand, if the trial court in its discretion orders payment of reasonable attorney fees pursuant to subsection (1), its order should be supported by findings relating to Wife's need, Husband's ability to pay, and the reasonableness of the fees. If the trial court in its discretion orders payment of reasonable attorney fees pursuant to subsection (2), its order should be supported by a finding that Wife substantially prevailed on the motions for which she seeks attorney fees. Finally, if the trial court chooses to award no fees or limited fees under subsection (2), its order should be supported by a finding that Husband is impecunious or a statement on the record of its reason for its decision.
III. Child Support
1 33 Wife challenges the trial court's denial of child support in two separate circumstances. First, Wife contests the trial court's denial of her request for one-half of the work-related child care costs she incurred between the years 2003 and 2006. See Utah Code Ann. § 78B-12-102(7) (Supp.2009) (including child care costs in a child support award). Second, she contests the trial court's denial of retroactive child support for the period October 2001 through April 2002.
134 "Due to the equitable nature of child support proceedings, we accord substantial deference to the trial court's findings and give it considerable latitude in fashioning support orders." Hill v. Hill,
A. Nanny Care
135 Wife contends that the trial court erred by denying her request for one-half of her child care costs between 2003 and 2006. "The child support order shall require that each parent share equally the reasonable work-related child care expenses of the parents." Utah Code Ann. § 78B-12-214(1) (2008). Beginning in 2008, Wife spent approximately $400 per week for a full-time nanny. The trial court found this nanny care to be unreasonable. Accordingly, Husband was not required to pay an equal share of Wife's nanny care expenses. Rather, Husband was ordered to pay monthly child care costs of $340 per month during the school year and $500 per month during the summer. Wife challenges this ruling.
1836 While we afford the trial court broad discretion in fashioning support awards, its "findings of fact must show that the court's judgment or decree follows logically from, and is supported by, the evidence." Bakanowski v. Bakanowski,
1 37 In support of its ruling denying Wife's request for nanny care expenses from 2008 to 2006, the trial court entered the following findings in 2008:
The parties' minor children are now 16, 18, 12, 9 and 7 years of age; the two older children are 19 and 24 years of age.... All of the children are in school full-time, so there is no need for full-time care during the school year, and only two of the children are still in elementary school. The older children certainly can be expected to help with the younger children ... [and] [tlhe infrequency of [Wife's] work-related travel does not justify the request that [Husband] pay [Wife's requested amount] per month for his share of the child-care expenses.
1 38 This finding indicates that in making its determination, the court relied primarily on the ages and corresponding needs of the children at the time the court issued its decree in 2008. In 2008, the children were all in school full-time. But Wife's claim for nanny care expenses related to the years 2003 through 2006. In 2008, the parties' youngest children were two and four years old. Accordingly, the decree denying nanny care for 2008 and other years when not all the children were in school full-time does not follow logically from the trial court's finding. 7 We therefore reverse the trial court's denial of Wife's child care expenses for the years 2008 through 2006 and remand for the trial court to enter necessary findings and, if appropriate in the exercise of its discretion, to revise its ruling.
B. Retroactive Child Support
189 Wife submitted to the trial court a proposed memorandum decision. In it, she sought retroactive child support for the period October 2001, the date the parties permanently separated, to April 2002, the date Husband's support obligations began pursuant to the court's May 2002 order. The trial court declined to enter an order on this issue, stating, "As far as the court can determine, this matter has never been brought before the court and has not been reserved by [Wife]." On appeal, Wife challenges the trial court's refusal to rule on this issue. "Failure of the trial court to make findings on all material issues is reversible error unless the facts in the record are clear, uncon-troverted, and capable of supporting only a finding in favor of the judgment." Acton v. Deliran,
140 Our review of the record indicates that Wife did raise the issue of child support for the period November 1, 2001, to April 1, 2002. In her Complaint for Divorcee filed
{41 Because Wife's claim for retroactive support was pending before the trial court, the court was obligated to rule on it. We therefore remand for the trial court to address this claim on the merits.
IV. Mortgage Payments
142 Finally, Wife contends that the trial court erred by refusing to order Husband to reimburse her for one-half of the mortgage payments she made on the marital home in the six-year period between the parties' separation and the trial. During the pendency of the divorce, Husband filed a bankruptey petition in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Utah. Apparently Wife did not file a motion to lift the automatic stay. Consequently, the trial court lacked jurisdiction over the marital residence. See generally Rogers v. Rogers,
43 Recognizing that Husband's bankruptcy petition divested the trial court of jurisdiction to award equity in the home, Wife sought reimbursement for at least one-half of her mortgage payments but requested that the court "characterize said judgment as family support and/or maintenance since providing a home for the children is part of supporting or maintaining the family." Wife argued in effect that not reimbursing her for amounts by which she increased the value of the home would be inequitable because Husband would "share in the benefit of [Wife's] contributions when the home is ultimately divided by the bankruptey court. 8 The trial court rejected her request.
144 On appeal, Wife relies on Jensen v. Jensen,
1 45 We understand Wife's concern that if the bankruptcy court grants Husband and Wife each one-half of the equity in the marital home, Husband will reap a windfall to the extent Wife's post-divorce petition mortgage payments have increased equity in the home. Nevertheless, "[t}rial courts may exercise broad discretion in divorce matters so long as the decision is within the confines of legal precedence." Childs v. Childs,
[ 46 Here, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying Wife reimbursement. The trial court denied her request in part
147 We therefore affirm the trial court's ruling denying Wife an award of family support and/or maintenance for payments she made on the parties' home mortgage.
CONCLUSION
48 The trial court did not abuse its discretion in determining Husband's ability to pay or income for purposes of its order denying Wife alimony. Nor did the trial court abuse its discretion in denying Wife reimbursement for mortgage payments made on the marital home. However, the trial court erred in applying a unitary analysis to attorney fees incurred in establishing court orders and attorney fees incurred in enforcing court orders. We accordingly reverse the attorney fee award and remand for a redetermination of fees. We also remand for the trial court to revisit the issue of nanny care and to rule in the first instance on the issue of child support for the period October 1, 2001 to April 1, 2002.
149 Wife's request for attorney fees on appeal is denied.
50 WE CONCUR: JAMES Z. DAVIS, Presiding Judge and RUSSELL W. BENCH, Senior Judge.
Notes
. Most of the relevant portions of the Utah Code have not changed from those in effect at the time of the divorce. In those cases, we cite to the current version of the Utah Code for the reader's convenience.
. Utah Code section 30-3-5 outlines the factors a court must consider when determining alimony:
(i) the financial condition and needs of the recipient spouse;
(ii) the recipient's earning capacity or ability to produce income;
(iii) the ability of the payor spouse to provide support;
(iv) the length of the marriage;
(v) whether the recipient spouse has custody of minor children requiring support;
(vi) whether the recipient spouse worked in a business owned or operated by the payor spouse; and
(vii) whether the recipient spouse directly contributed to any increase in the payor spouse's skill by paying for education received by the payor spouse or allowing the payor spouse to attend school during the marriage.
Utah Code Ann. § 30-3-5(8) (2008).
. In 2007, Utah Code section 78-45-7.5 was renumbered as section 78B-12-203 and the word "voluntarily" was deleted. See Utah Code Ann. § 78B-12-203 (2008). The 2007 amendment was not effective until July 1, 2007, see id. § 78B-12-203 amend. notes, which was after all the events of this case occurred. "[When adjudicating a dispute we apply the version of the statute that was in effect at the time of the events giving rise to [the] [action]." Harvey v. Cedar Hills City,
. We note that precluding Husband from defending on this issue was less useful to Wife than an order compelling discovery. This is so because Wife needed evidence in Husband's possession to make her prima facie showing.
. At trial, Wife, not Husband, called Second Wife as a witness. Second Wife testified that her medical condition and spotty work history prevented her from sharing living expenses. The only evidence adduced by Husband on this issue-that Second Wife had earned some money during a previous year-if anything favored Wife.
. The trial court also relied in part on the fact that Wife's work-related travel was infrequent, and it was undisputed that her travel obligations were as infrequent during the years 2003 to 2006 as they were in 2008. However, this fact alone does not provide detailed findings sufficient to support the ruling, particularly where the ruling was principally based on the children's ages and needs.
. The United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Utah has ruled that a non-filing spouse holding an undivided one-half interest in real property retains that interest after a petition is filed by the other spouse. See In re Harrell, No. 05-38736,