Computer Mgmt Asst v. Robert F deCastroComputer Mgmt Asst v. Robert F deCastro
Plaintiff-Appellant appeals the district court‘s entry of judgment for Defendant-Appellee after a bench trial on claims of copyright infringement, trade secret misappropriation and unfair trade practices. We affirm the district court‘s ruling on these claims. Plaintiff also appeals the district court‘s award of attorney‘s fees pursuant to a fee-shifting statute. We express no judgment on the validity of this fee determination and dismiss this portion of the appeal for lack of jurisdiction.
FACTUAL HISTORY AND PROCEEDINGS BELOW
Computer Management Assistance Company (“CMAC“) developed a
CMAC‘s package to deCastro included a sublicense of an interpreter, licensed by CMAC to run ACCESS on deCastro‘s computer. An interpreter translates instructions in a specific program language, in which a programmer has written a program (its “source code“), into a specific numerical language (its “object code“) that the computer is built to run on. BUSS also depended on the CMAC licensed interpreter to run on deCastro‘s computer.
In 1992, Information Management Consultants (“IMC“), a value-added reseller of FACTS, a comprehensive software package for wholesale distributors in general (i.e., not industry
In August of 1993, deCastro decided to enter into a new contract with CMAC. CMAC agreed to try to modify ACCESS to provide direct order entry and for that purpose got from IMC a FACTS demonstration package including that feature. CMAC was unable to modify ACCESS to satisfy deCastro‘s need for direct order capability. DeCastro renewed discussions with IMC and eventually entered into a contract for FACTS that included items from Appendix A. The uncomplicated modifications were made by adding files (approximately 750 lines of code) to generic FACTS (containing over 600,000 lines of code). IMC installed the modified FACTS and deCastro began using it in June of 1996. Because FACTS was written in a different language (BBX basic) than ACCESS, IMC also installed another interpreter. The CMAC software was still installed and the CMAC interpreter was still utilized to run BUSS.
In February of 1997, CMAC filed suit against deCastro, Escalona and IMC2 alleging copyright infringement, trade secret
STANDARD OF REVIEW
“We review the district court‘s findings of fact for clear error and decide issues of law de novo.” Malchi v. Thaler, 211 F.3d 953, 956 (5th Cir. 2000).
DISCUSSION
I. Copyright Infringement.
A plaintiff must prove the following elements to succeed on a claim of copyright infringement: (1) ownership of the copyrighted material and (2) copying by the defendant. See Alcatel USA, Inc. v. DGI Technologies, Inc., 166 F.3d 772, 790 (5th Cir. 1999). “Copyright ownership is shown by proof of originality and copyrightability in the work as a whole and by compliance with applicable statutory formalities.” Engineering Dynamics, Inc. v. Structural Software, Inc., 26 F.3d 1335, 1340 (5th Cir. 1994) (citing Plains Cotton Coop. Ass‘n v. Goodpasture Computer Serv., Inc., 807 F.2d 1256, 1260 (5th Cir. 1987)),
Not all copying by a defendant is actionable as copyright infringement. “A copy is legally actionable if (1) the alleged infringer actually used the copyrighted material to create his own work, and (2) substantial similarity exists between the two works.” Alcatel, 166 F.3d at 790. The factual question of whether the defendant actually used the copyrighted material can be inferred by showing proof of access to the copyrighted work and probative similarity between the defendant‘s work and the copyrighted work. See Engineering Dynamics, 26 F.3d at 1340-41 (citations omitted). The second question is whether the copying is legally actionable. The inquiry here is whether there is substantial similarity between the two works. See id.
Computer programs are entitled to copyright protection. See id. at 1341; see also Vault Corp. v. Quaid Software Ltd., 847 F.2d 255, 259 (5th Cir. 1988) (noting that the Copyright Act was amended in 1976 “to include computer programs in the definition of protectable literary works“). The Copyright Act defines a computer program as “a set of statements or instructions to be used directly or indirectly in a computer in order to bring about a certain result.”
The law in this Circuit lends copyright protection to the non-literal as well as the literal elements of computer programs. See, e.g., Kepner-Tregoe, Inc., v. Leadership Software, Inc., 12 F.3d 527, 536 n.20 (5th Cir. 1994) (embracing the “noncontroversial proposition that non-literal aspects of copyrighted works--like structure, sequence, and organization--may be protected under copyright law“) (citing Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Tel. Serv. Co., Inc., 499 U.S. 340 (1991)).
CMAC argues that copyright protection extends to the terms of its literal lines of code and its non-literal elements of architecture, design and coding methodology. Notwithstanding the fact that there is no literal similarity between the code lines of FACTS and ACCESS, CMAC argues that copyright protection was infringed on the non-literal design and organizational elements. We use the “abstraction-filtration” method to determine copyright protection. See Engineering Dynamics, 26 F.3d at 1343. The approach was taken from the Tenth Circuit‘s analysis in Gates Rubber Co. v. Bando Chemical Indus., Ltd., 9 F.3d 823 (10th Cir. 1993). That court‘s thoughtful explanation guides our analysis
First, in order to provide a framework for analysis, we conclude that a court should dissect the program according to its varying levels of generality as provided in the abstractions test. Second, poised with this framework, the court should examine each level of abstraction in order to filter out those elements of the program which are unprotectable. Filtration should eliminate from comparison the unprotectable elements of ideas, processes, facts, public domain information, merger material, scenes a faire material, and other unprotectable elements suggested by the particular facts of the program under examination. Third, the court should then compare the remaining protectable elements with the allegedly infringing program to determine whether the defendants have misappropriated substantial elements of the plaintiff‘s program.
Gates Rubber, 9 F.3d at 834, quoted in Engineering Dynamics, 26 F.3d at 1342-43.
The scenes a faire doctrine excludes from copyright protection work serving functional purposes or work that is dictated by external factors such as particular business practices. The Gates Rubber Court articulated the application of this doctrine to copyright issues involving computer programs.
In the area of computer programs these external factors may include: hardware standards and mechanical specifications, software standards and compatibility requirements, computer manufacturer design standards, target industry practices and demands, and computer industry programming practices.
9 F.3d at 838 (citations omitted), quoted in Engineering Dynamics, 46 F.3d at 410 n.2.
A. Abstraction.
We must first divide the ACCESS program segments into layers
Appendix A3 discusses how the generic FACTS system would be modified to incorporate deCastro‘s method of doing business. CMAC asserts that Appendix A provides ample evidence of a copyright violation. It alleges that Appendix A contains numerous copyrightable design specifications, not just general business practices, which were copied from its program. Specifically, Section Two of Appendix A details the most significant modifications to generic FACTS: those necessary to accommodate deCastro‘s pricing matrices. The pricing system includes group pricing,4 customer special pricing5 and price calculations.6 Section Four of Appendix A covers corner samples and chop
After a thorough examination of Appendix A and the remainder of the record, we agree with the district court on the initial level of abstraction analysis. The ACCESS program contains several features that qualify as an “expression” of a detailed design specification developed by CMAC in its source code and object code, as well as the non-literal elements of its program, to meet the requirements of the framing industry. Accordingly, the district court properly proceeded to the next stage of the analysis: “filtration.”
B. Filtration.
“The filtration component of the analysis seeks to isolate noncopyrightable elements from each particular level of a program.” Engineering Dynamics, 26 F.3d at 1344. Ideas, information, methods, scientific discoveries, facts, information in the public domain and scenes a faire are not protected. See id. The district court found that the modifications to generic FACTS performed by IMC were dictated by the business practices and demands of deCastro and, therefore, fell within the scenes a faire exception.
Section Two of Appendix A discusses what modifications to FACTS were necessary to meet deCastro‘s needs for maintaining
The district court found that Appendix A represents the specific needs of deCastro‘s business as well as practices that are standard in the picture framing industry. We agree with this reading and the district court‘s conclusion that Appendix A is the expression of a theme common in an industry that takes phone orders, prices a product with special rates for particular customers and tracks the inventory available to fill the orders. These elements are dictated by the business practices of the industry in which deCastro engages. Under the doctrine of scenes a faire, those expressions contained in Sections Two and Four of Appendix A that are dictated by these external factors are not subject to copyright protection and are eliminated from consideration in comparing the ACCESS and FACTS programs.
C. Substantial Similarity.
Next we must examine whether the defendant copied any remaining protected aspects of ACCESS, unrelated to the functional purposes excluded from protection by the scenes a
Generic FACTS is a comprehensive program that required few modifications to conform to deCastro‘s needs, and there is no allegation that generic FACTS incorporates CMAC‘s proprietary information. The district court found substantial differences when it compared the modified FACTS program with ACCESS. For example, it noted that the two programs are written in different basic languages and have different sequences.
IMC adapted FACTS to fit deCastro‘s needs by adding simple file maintenance programs, keys and data to the generic FACTS program. The modifications represent a fraction of the generic FACTS source code and are dictated by the structure of generic FACTS. We agree with the district court‘s finding that the logical way to modify generic FACTS was to add files to accommodate deCastro‘s particular business practices.
D. Misappropriation of Copyrighted Material.
The district court found that the evidence did not establish that IMC programmers copied the ACCESS program. Testimony at trial revealed that, when IMC installed FACTS on deCastro‘s computer hardware, CMAC‘s code was still on the hardware. The district court found that the IMC installer did not see CMAC‘s code and that he was not attempting to duplicate the methodology because FACTS had its own file layouts. Another witness, who
We agree with the district court‘s analysis of CMAC‘s copyright claim against IMC.8 Generic FACTS and ACCESS are similar only in that they both serve deCastro‘s needs when modified to reflect the particular practices of the framing industry and deCastro‘s business. Accordingly, CMAC has not demonstrated that FACTS is substantially similar to ACCESS or that the defendants have misappropriated substantial elements of the ACCESS program.
II. Misappropriation of Trade Secrets.
CMAC asserts that the complete source code and file layouts for ACCESS and all their revealed designs are trade secrets and that IMC misappropriated those trade secrets in violation of Louisiana law. In order to recover damages under the Louisiana
“Trade secret” means information, including a formula, pattern, compilation, program, device, method, technique, or process, that:
(a) derives independent economic value, actual or potential, from not being generally known to and not being readily ascertainable by proper means by other persons who can obtain economic value from its disclosure or use, and
(b) is the subject of efforts that are reasonable under the circumstances to maintain its secrecy.
“Misappropriation” means acquisition of a trade secret of another by a person who knows or has reason to know that the trade secret was acquired by improper means . . . by a person who:
(i) used improper means to acquire knowledge of the trade secret; or
(ii) at the time of disclosure or use, knew or had reason to know that his knowledge of the trade secret was:
* * *
(bb) acquired under circumstances giving rise to a duty to maintain its secrecy or limit its use; or
We agree with the district court that CMAC‘s trade secret
Furthermore, CMAC failed to show that IMC programmers even had an opportunity to see the ACCESS source code until four years after the modifications were completed on generic FACTS.12
III. Unfair Trade Practices.
CMAC alleges that IMC violated the Louisiana Unfair Trade Practices Act (“LUTPA“),13 by disregarding its intellectual
IMC argues that CMAC‘s unfair trade practices claim is preempted in one of two ways. IMC‘s primary argument is that the Copyright Act‘s preemption provision,
First, the cause of action is examined to determine if it falls “within the subject matter of copyright”
Second, the cause of action is examined to determine if it protects rights that are ‘equivalent’ to any of the exclusive rights of a federal copyright, as provided in
17 U.S.C. § 106 .
Daboub v. Gibbons, 42 F.3d 285, 289 (5th Cir. 1995) (citations omitted). Since CMAC‘s unfair trade practices claim is based on IMC‘s alleged copying of a protected computer program, our analysis will focus on whether the cause of action provided by Louisiana‘s unfair trade practices act is “equivalent” to any exclusive rights provided for in the Copyright Act.
The test in this Circuit for evaluating the equivalency of rights is commonly referred to as the “extra element” test. See
According to this test, if the act or acts of [the defendant] about which [the plaintiff] complains would violate both misappropriation law and copyright law, then the state right is deemed “equivalent to copyright.” If, however, one or more qualitatively different elements are required to constitute the state-created cause of action being asserted, then the right granted under state law does not lie “within the general scope of copyright,” and pre-emption does not occur.
Id. (quoting 1 MELVILLE B. NIMMER & DAVID NIMMER, NIMMER ON COPYRIGHT § 1.01[B][1], at 1-13 (1998)). Because a cause of action under the Louisiana Unfair Trade Practices Act requires proof of fraud, misrepresentation or other unethical conduct, see, e.g., Schenck, 917 F. Supp. at 439, we find that the relief it provides is not “equivalent” to that provided in the Copyright Act and, thus, it is not pre-empted.
IMC‘s alternative argument for pre-emption is based on the pre-emptive section of the Louisiana Uniform Trade Secrets Act. That section reads in pertinent part:
This Chapter displaces conflicting tort, restitutionary, and other laws of this state pertaining to civil liability for misappropriation of a trade secret.
We find that the remedies provided by Louisiana‘s unfair trade practices statute and those provided in its uniform trade secrets act do not conflict, but merely provide parallel remedies
The personal right of action under LUTPA applies only to direct consumers or to business competitors. See, e.g., Delta Truck & Tractor, Inc. v. J.I. Case Co., 975 F.2d 1192, 1205 (5th Cir. 1992); National Gypsum Co. v. Ace Wholesale, Inc., 738 So. 2d 128, 130 (La. Ct. App. 5th Cir. 1999); Thibaut v. Thibaut, 607 So. 2d 587, 607 (La. Ct. App. 1st Cir.), writ denied by 612 So. 2d 38 (La. 1993); Gil v. Metal Serv. Corp., 412 So. 2d 706, 707 (La. Ct. App. 4th Cir. 1982), write denied by 414 So. 2d (La. 1987). CMAC has standing to assert a claim against IMC because IMC is a direct competitor of CMAC.
We agree with the district court‘s finding that CMAC has not alleged any claims of fraud or misrepresentation on the part of IMC. We fail to see where the “record clearly shows that IMC
Because the district court‘s finding that IMC did not copy ACCESS in modifying FACTS was not clearly erroneous, we fail to see any evidence of unethical conduct on the part of IMC in modifying generic FACTS for use by deCastro that would bring it within the unfair trade practices statute.
IV. Award of Attorney‘s Fees.
The defendants in this case, including IMC, moved the court for an award of attorney‘s fees pursuant to the Copyright Act‘s fee shifting section.15 The district court awarded the defendants attorney‘s fees. Because the district court referred the amount of award of attorney‘s fees to the magistrate judge, the order awarding such fees is not final. See DeLoach v. Delchamps, Inc., 897 F.2d 815, 826 (5th Cir. 1990) (“Because a judgment is not final until both liability and damages are determined, a judgment awarding an unspecified amount of attorney‘s fees is interlocutory in nature.“); see also Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. v. Wetzel, 424 U.S. 737, 743-44 (1976).
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons we affirm the judgment of the district court save the portion on attorney‘s fees. We dismiss the appeal on the issue of attorney‘s fees for lack of jurisdiction.
AFFIRMED, in part, appeal DISMISSED, in part.