190 Va. 48 | Va. | 1949
delivered the opinion of the court.
The Commonwealth was required to file a bill of particulars “showing specifically the statute and the particular portion thereof, relied upon for a conviction.” It accordingly filed a bill of particulars stating it relied on sections 4438 and 4439 of the Code, 1942 (Michie), which were quoted in full, and the particular portions relied on were italicized, as follows:
Section 4438: “If any person in the night enter without breaking or in the daytime break and enter a dwelling house, or an outhouse adjoining thereto and occupied therewith etc. (continuing to define the crime of breaking and entering, or entering without breaking, other houses with intent to commit murder, etc., and prescribing the punishment therefor).
Section 4439: “If any person do any of the acts mentioned in the preceding section, with intent to commit larceny, or any felony other than murder, rape or robbery, he shall be confined in the penitentiary not less than one year nor more than ten years, or, in the discretion of the jury, confined in jail not exceeding twelve months, and fined not exceeding five hundred dollars.” * * *
The evidence was that on the night of June 26, 1948, about ten o’clock, the defendant told his two boys, one fourteen and the other twelve years old, to get a couple of bags, that they were going down to get some chickens. They left home in defendant’s car, stopped on the way to get some gas, then drove on to the home of Kirby Day. There they got out of the car and the older boy stood at an outhouse
The defense was that the defendant was too drunk to know what he was doing. This the jury did not believe, but found him guilty of housebreaking and fixed his punishment at eight years in the penitentiary. He was sentenced accordingly.
The defendant contends that the judgment of conviction should be reversed on the ground that the evidence did not prove him guilty of the offense for which he was convicted, and because he did not have a fair trial. He argues that the indictment and the bill of particulars charged that the chicken house which he entered was an outhouse adjoining the dwelling house of Kirby Day; that it did not in fact adjoin the dwelling house, and that the defendant was guilty of .nothing more than a misdemeanor in stealing the chickens.
The theory of the Commonwealth was that the defendant was guilty of entering in the night, without breaking, an outhouse adjoining the dwelling house of Kirby Day, and therefore guilty of the offense denounced in the first part of section 4438, of entering “a dwelling house or an outhouse' adjoining thereto and occupied therewith.” It is to be noted that the indictment expressly negatived that the outhouse was a dwelling house, and did not charge that it was occupied therewith.
Section 4437 of the Code, 1942 (Michie), defines burglary as breaking and entering the dwelling house of
Also, at common law, not a dwelling house alone was the subject of burglary, but also “the outhouses, if parcel of the dwelling (i. e., occupied with it) and within the curtilage, or, if there be no curtilage, under the same roof with the dwelling, and closely adjoining; but not an outhouse in the occupancy of another person, e. g., as a workshop, although within the curtilage, &c., nor in Virginia, unless some person usually lodge therein at night.” Minor’s Synopsis, supra, pp. 92-3. Wharton’s Criminal Law, supra, sec. 997, p. 1290; 9 Am. Jur., Burglary, sec. 20, p. 250.
Mr. Minor cites section 3696 of the Code of 1887 as authority for his statement that in Virginia a dwelling house does not include an outhouse “unless some person usually lodge therein at night.” That section was made section 4429 of the Code of 1919 (Michie, 1942), and is as follows:
“No outhouse, not adjoining a dwelling house, nor under the same roof (although within the curtilage thereof), shall be deemed parcel of such dwelling house, within the meaning of this chapter, unless some person usually lodge therein at night.”
Sections 4438 and 4439, the housebreaking statutes, are in the same chapter (ch. 179) of the Code of 1919 as the quoted section 4429. The three sections were in the same chapter of the Code of 1887 (ch. 181), and were also grouped together in the same chapter of the Act of 1848, codifying the criminal statutes of the State (Acts, 1847-8, ch. 120, p. 93). Sections 4438 and 4439 are, therefore, both limited by section 4429.
The chicken house into which the defendant entered was at least 7 5 feet from' Day’s dwelling house and no person usually lodged therein at night. It was, therefore, not a
As noted, the indictment did not in fact charge a violation of the first part of section 4438. It did, however, charge the entering of a chicken house with intent to commit larceny. The further description of the chicken house as “being an outhouse adjoining the dwelling house of the said Kirby Day,” may be rejected as surplusage, leaving the indictment a valid charge of entering the chicken house. Page v. Commonwealth, 26 Gratt. (67 Va.) 943, 949.
The second part of section 4438 forbids the entering of, among other things, “any office, shop, storehouse, warehouse, banking house, or other house.” The bill of particulars gave notice that the Commonwealth relied on the provisions of section 4439, to the effect that if any person did any of the acts mentioned in section 4438, with intent to commit larceny, he should be punished as prescribed. The chicken house involved was estimated by one of the officers to be 15 x 20 feet in size. . Day had testified on a previous hearing that it was a small building, something like 4x4 feet, of 5 x 5 feet, but tall enough to stand up in. A photograph of it, introduced in evidence, showed it to have walls and a roof. It was such a structure as is included in the words of the statute “or other house.” It has been frequently so held by other courts in construing similar statutes. Gunter v. State, 79 Ark. 472, 96 S. W. 181; Gillock v. People, 171 Ill. 307, 49 N. E. 712; Williams v. State, 105 Ga. 814, 32 S. E. 129; Price v. Commonwealth, 15 Ky. L. Rep. 837, 25 S. W. 1062; People v. Coffee, 52 Cal. App. 118, 198 P. 213; People v. Franco, 79 Cal. App. 682, 250 P. 698; 12 C. J. S., Burglary, sec. 16, p. 678; 9 Am. Jur., Burglary, sec. 22, p. 252. Cf. McDorman v. Smyth, 187 Va. 522, 47 S. E. (2d) 441; Benton v. Commonwealth, 91 Va. 782, 21 S. E. 495.
While the indictment thus charged and the evidence tended to show only the entering of a chicken house, not a parcel of the dwelling house, the defendant was in fact prosecuted as for entering a part of the dwelling. The rul
Burglary was, at common law, primarily an offense against the security of the habitation, and that is still the general conception of it. A difference is recognized between the crime of wrongfully entering in the night a house where people live and the crime of entering a house where chickens roost. While both are punishable under the same statute, the punishments provided take a wide range. The defendant was entitled to have the jury know the true nature of the offense charged against him. His trial on the theory that the chicken house he entered was the same thing as a dwelling was not a fair trial.
The defendant complains'also that the Commonwealth was allowed to prove that he shot Day, for which offense he had already been tried and convicted. This shooting occurred while the act of housebreaking was yet in progress and was so inseparably connected with it as to make the avoidance of all reference to it practically impossible. Witnesses undertaking to testify about the housebreaking voluntarily referred to the shooting. On cross-examination defendant’s counsel developed by the defendant’s son that Day shot his father and broke his leg. The shooting was part of the res gestae and limited reference to' it was admissible. It was part of the incident under investigation. Boyd v. Commonwealth, 156 Va. 934, 944, 157 S. E. 546, 549-50; 20 Am. Jur., Evidence, sec. 311, pp. 290-91; Anno., 170 A. L. R. at p. 306. However, the defendant should not be tried again for the shooting; details should be omitted and the evidence should be confined to such reference only as is reasonably necessary to an intelligent investigation of the charge being tried. The court should, as it did on this trial, caution the jury against further punishment of the defendant because of the shooting.
Defendant asserts that the trial judge evinced hostility that prejudiced his case. Defendant’s counsel endeavored on cross-examination to have certain of the Commonwealth’s witnesses say that the chicken house did not adjoin the dwelling house. The court insisted that counsel first explain to the witness what he meant by adjoining, saying it had a technical meaning. The ensuing controversy terminated in a threat of contempt proceedings. The defendant is apt to be the sufferer from such occurrences. Rulings made in words or manner indicating antagonism or resentment toward counsel may convey the impression that the feeling includes also counsel’s client. Both court and counsel should not forget that the object sought is a fair trial conducted with dignity • and in keeping with our high traditions of justice. All that endangers that result should be avoided.
Finally, the defendant says that the special prosecutor made an inflammatory argument to the jury. Some of his argument seems to merit that appellation. It included such remarks as these:
“He has no right to the freedom of this country. He has no right to the benefit of our laws. He has no right to go around associating with decent society. He has no right to exert his influence on children, and particularly his own children.” “There are other children in that house. What*57 is going to happen to them if that man is allowed to run around loose?”
The defendant failed to object to this argument when made and did not ask for a mistrial. He cannot now rely upon it as reversible error. Wilson v. Commonwealth, 157 Va. 962, 970, 162 S. E. 15. It was, however, improper argument. Attorneys for the Commonwealth “should always remember whose commission they bear and should scrupulously respect the rights of the accused.” Martin v. Commonwealth, 143 Va. 479, 485, 129 S. E. 348, 350. Mohler v. Commonwealth, 132 Va. 713, 731, 111 S. E. 454, 460; Bateman v. Commonwealth, 183 Va. 253, 256, 32 S. E. (2d) 134, 136. Special prosecutors should observe the same restraint. The practice followed in some jurisdictions of requiring, unless there is some valid reason against it, that the closing argument in a criminal case be made by the Commonwealth’s attorney, has much to commend it.
The judgment below- is reversed and the defendant is granted a new trial.
Reversed and remanded.