46 Mass. App. Ct. 471 | Mass. App. Ct. | 1999
Double-parked behind a school bus while waiting for her six and one-half year old son to emerge from elementary school, Thelma Zettel refused to move her car despite being repeatedly told to do so by a police officer. This incident led to argument, to arrest, and, ultimately, to Zettel’s conviction (by a jury) as a disorderly person under G. L. c. 272, § 53.
Represented by counsel on appeal • — ■ she had appeared pro se in the District Court — the defendant claims there was insuf
Based on the Commonwealth’s evidence presented through its sole witness, police officer Robert Deschenes, the jury could have found the following facts. The Wixon Elementary School is located at the comer of Whipple and Hamlet Streets in Fall River. Whipple Street, a one-way street, is extremely congested, particularly around school drop-off and release times. Buses double-park on a portion of the street (where the road is wider), and, during school release times, vehicles tend to double-park, obstructing the street.
On January 14, 1997, at school release time, there was a traffic tie up on Whipple Street. Using his siren and hom, Officer Deschenes managed to move to the front of the line of traffic and noticed that two vehicles, double-parked directly behind the buses, were causing the problem. One moved at his command, but the second, driven by the defendant, did not. Despite his informing her that her car was illegally parked and was a safety hazard for the children, she refused to budge, stating that she was picking up her child. After again unsuccessfully trying to persuade her to move, Deschenes gave her a ticket insisting that the car be moved. When the defendant left the car and walked to the schoolyard, Deschenes raised his voice and informed her that the vehicle would be towed. She returned and drove into a private driveway on the opposite side of the street, leaving the nose of the car still in the roadway, obstructing the sidewalk. Once again he told her she would have to move the car or it would be towed. She responded, “You have nothing better to do. I’m here to pick up my kid.” Because she was “becoming loud,” “had refused to park the car legally,” and because “it was becoming a pretty serious safety hazard,” Deschenes decided to place the defendant under arrest. She attempted to resist, saying she wasn’t going to be arrested; she was there to get her child and would not leave until she picked up her child. Deschenes straggled with the defendant and handcuffed her. She kicked him, and was taken to the police station and booked. The car was towed, and Deschenes arranged for the school to keep the child.
The statute at issue, G. L. c. 272, § 53, set forth in the
“A person is guilty of disorderly conduct if, with purpose to cause public inconvenience, annoyance or alarm, or recklessly creating a risk thereof, he:
“(a) engages in fighting or threatening, or in violent or tumultuous behavior; or . . .
*474 “(c) creates a hazardous or physically offensive condition by any act which serves no legitimate purpose of the actor” (emphasis supplied in Feigenbaum).
The Commonwealth argues that the evidence supports both sections of the definition — the defendant’s actions constituted tumultuous conduct and also created a hazardous condition by acts which served no legitimate purpose of the defendant.
1. Tumultuous behavior. Turning to the ordinary dictionary definition, we find that “tumultuous” is defined as “1: marked by tumult: full of commotion and uproar: riotous, stormy, boisterous ... 2: tending or disposed to cause or incite a tumult ... 3: marked by violent or overwhelming turbulence or upheaval.” Webster’s Third New Inti. Dictionary 2462 (1993).
Massachusetts cases are in accord with these definitions. See Commonwealth v. A Juvenile, 368 Mass, at 597 (noting that the statute covers “ ‘tumultuous behavior,’ which, while perhaps not physically violent, may nevertheless be characterized as involving riotous commotion and excessively unreasonable noise so as to constitute a public nuisance”).
Other cases inform. In Commonwealth v. Richards, 369 Mass. 443, 448 (1976), the defendants were held to have engaged in “fighting” and in “violent or tumultuous behavior.” Due to their actions — drinking alcohol in a crowded mall, resisting arrest, punching and cursing police — a crowd of some two hundred people became hostile and abusive and threw “bundles of newspapers, books, and other debris” at the police. Id. at 447.
In Commonwealth v. Carson, 10 Mass. App. Ct. 920, 921 (1980), campus police responding to a complaint of a “disturbance” found the defendant, a college student, drunk and belligerent. Cursing at the police officers, he attracted a crowd of
In another case, the “defendant’s actions of removing his hands from the [police] cruiser, flailing them in an agitated and belligerent manner while berating [police] Officer Rivera with loud profanities, and shoving his hands into the pockets of his baggy shorts, especially in light of Officer Rivera’s previous encounter with the defendant on a gun charge, constituted tumultuous or threatening behavior beyond protected expressive speech or conduct.” Commonwealth v. Mulero, 38 Mass. App. Ct. 963, 965 (1995). Such actions, which led a crowd of about thirty persons to gather, provided the police with probable cause to arrest the defendant on a charge of disorderly conduct. Id. at 963-965.
In the present case, by contrast, the jury were not warranted in finding that the defendant, “with purpose to cause public inconvenience, annoyance or alarm, or recklessly creating a risk thereof,” engaged in tumultuous behavior as defined by statute, case law, or lexicon.
2. Conduct which serves no legitimate purpose. While the Commonwealth’s evidence that the defendant did not heed the officer’s warnings, failed to move her car, and illegally parked in a private driveway, warranted, perhaps, a finding that the defendant created “a hazardous or physically offensive condition,” the Commonwealth offered no evidence to show that the defendant’s action served no legitimate purpose. In Feigenbaum, 404 Mass, at 475, the court held that although behavior which was motivated by political purposes could be found to have created a hazardous condition, and might be considered “criminal under the common law or by some statute,” such behavior “does not constitute disorderly conduct under G. L. c. 272, § 53,” because it has “a legitimate purpose.”
The Commonwealth would have us confine Feigenbaum and the term “no legitimate purpose” to situations involving political expression. However, neither the opinion nor the Model Penal Code suggests such a limitation. Indeed, another section
Penal Code § 250.4 comment 5, at 368. See Commonwealth v. Wheaton, 409 Pa. Super. 622, 628 (1991) (defendant’s efforts to maintain his water supply constituted a legitimate purpose precluding conviction of harassment). See also DiDonna v. DiDonna, 72 Misc. 2d 231, 233 (N.Y. Fam. Ct. 1972) (preservation of marriage a legitimate purpose).
While the comment to § 250.4 of the Model Penal Code is noteworthy, far more significant is the language of § 250.2(c), as construed by Feigenbaum. There is no reason provided by that case or other authority to view a political cause as anything other than one of a number of “legitimate purposes” under § 53. Surely, a mother’s interest in picking up her six and one-half year old son when he was released from school falls within the definition.
The judgment of conviction for being a disorderly person is reversed, and the verdict is set aside. Judgment is to enter for the defendant.
So ordered.
The defendant had also been charged with resisting arrest and assault and battery on a public servant; the former charge was dismissed and the defendant was found not guilty of the latter.
General Laws c. 272, § 53, as amended through St. 1983, c. 66, § 1, provides: “Common night walkers, common street walkers, both male and female, common railers and brawlers, persons who with offensive and disorderly acts or language accost or annoy persons of the opposite sex, lewd, wanton and lascivious persons in speech or behavior, idle and disorderly persons, disturbers of the peace, keepers of noisy and disorderly houses, and persons guilty of indecent exposure may be punished by imprisonment in a jail or house of correction for not more than six months, or by a fine of not more than two hundred dollars, or by both such fine and imprisonment.”
Subsection (b) of § 250.2 is set forth in Commonwealth v. Richards, 369 Mass. 443, 446 n.2 (1976).
The language of the section in the Proposed Official Draft of the Model Penal Code (1962) does not differ from that contained in the Official Draft of 1980. See Commonwealth v. Feigenbaum, 404 Mass, at 474 n.2. Where cited in this opinion, the Official Draft and Revised Comments (1980) of the Model Penal Code are used.
“Tumult” is defined as “la: disorderly and violent movement, agitation or milling about, of a crowd accompanied [usually] with great uproar and confusion of voices: commotion, turmoil.” Webster’s Third New Inti. Dictionary 2462 (1993).
In the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (3d ed. 1992), “tumult” is defined as “1. The din and commotion of a great crowd. 2.a. A disorderly commotion or disturbance, b. A tempestuous uprising; a riot,” and “tumultuous” as “1. Characterized by tumult; noisy and disorderly. 2. Tending to cause tumult.”
Section 250.4 provides as follows: “A person commits a petty misdemeanor if, with purpose to harass another, he:
“(1) makes a telephone call without purpose of legitimate communication; or
“(2) insults, taunts, or challenges another in a manner likely to provoke violent or disorderly response; or
“(3) makes repeated communications anonymously or at extremely inconvenient hours, or in offensively coarse language; or
“(4) subjects another to an offensive touching; or
“(5) engages in any other course of alarming conduct serving no legitimate purpose of the actor.”