7 Mass. App. Ct. 543 | Mass. App. Ct. | 1979
The defendant appeals (G. L. c. 278, §§ 33A-33G) from convictions based on nine indictments: five charging assault by means of a dangerous weapon (G. L. c. 265, § 15B); two charging carrying a firearm without authority to do so (G. L. c. 269, § 10[a]); one charging the commission of an unnatural and lascivious act (G. L. c. 272, § 35); and one charging rape (G. L. c. 265, § 22). He has argued four separate issues based on appropriate assignments of error. We affirm eight of the defendant’s convictions and reverse the conviction based on indictment 13621 charging that he committed an unnatural and lascivious act. We summarize the evidence consistent with the jury’s verdicts.
On the evening of February 8,1975, the defendant met Edward J. Casson, Jr., Edward Nutbrown and Patrick Dowling at a drinking establishment in Pittsfield. The four subsequently left there and proceeded in the defendant’s automobile to the house of one Liccardi. When they arrived at the house Dowling and Nutbrown left the automobile, while Casson remained in the vehicle with the defendant. Casson testified that the defendant threatened him with a gun while he was alone with him in the car. Dowling and Nutbrown returned to the vehicle from
The foursome returned to the drinking establishment they had visited earlier, and Dowling and Nutbrown left the vehicle. Shortly thereafter Dowling returned to the automobile alone and proceeded with Casson and the defendant to a house in Pittsfield, where Dowling was dropped off.
The defendant and Casson proceeded to the home of Cecil Bascom. They arrived between 12:30 and 1:00 a.m. and found the apartment occupied by Bascom and his seventeen year old sister, Laura. While at the apartment, the defendant threatened Casson, Bascom and Laura with two guns. Laura testified that the defendant, armed with a gun, then guided her into the bedroom, touched her breasts and vagina, forced her to submit to cunnilingus and compelled her to have vaginal intercourse with him. Later that morning the defendant left the Bascom apartment and returned to his residence in Hinsdale, where he lived with his wife and parents. Further evidence will be discussed at appropriate points in the opinion.
1. The defendant claims error in the denial of his motion to suppress the two pistols allegedly employed by him during the course of the crimes charged. He argues that the pistols were obtained by Trooper Bell of the Massachusetts State police as the result of a warrantless search and seizure, the defendant’s consent to which was not voluntary. The circumstances in which the Commonwealth obtained the pistols, as disclosed by testimony adduced at the hearing on the motion to suppress, were as follows.
After again advising the defendant that the warrant was for assault and battery by means of a dangerous weapon, Bell asked the defendant whether he owned any firearms. The defendant admitted that he did and described two black powder pistols with which he had recently been practicing. The defendant’s description of his pistols matched the description Bell had received from the Pittsfield police department of the firearms involved in the crimes. When Bell asked the defendant if he could see the guns and "take them with us,” the defendant offered to go upstairs to get them. Bell did not allow the defendant, who was under arrest, to do so. Instead, the defendant’s wife, at the defendant’s request, got the guns and gave them to Bell, who then prepared to transport the defendant and the two guns to the Pittsfield police station. As they entered the cruiser, Bell advised the defendant that there was also an outstanding warrant charging him with rape. He had withheld the information about the rape charge while in the house because he was concerned that knowledge of such a charge at that
The nub of the question before us regarding the judge’s refusal to suppress this evidence is whether the defendant freely and voluntarily surrendered the pistols to Trooper Bell. Commonwealth v. Mendes, 361 Mass. 507, 512 [1972]. We need not determine whether Bell’s acquisition of the guns from the defendant constituted a search (see Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403 U.S. 443, 489-490 [1971]; Commonwealth v. Aguiar, 370 Mass. 490, 496 [1976], and cases cited) because the standard by which we test the voluntariness of the defendant’s actions is the same, whether or not the action technically was a search. The voluntariness of the defendant’s consent is a question of fact to be determined by the judge based on the circumstances of the case in their totality .and not "on the presence or absence of a single controlling criterion.” Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 226 (1973). See Commonwealth v. Mendes, 361 Mass. at 512-513; Commonwealth v. Aguiar, 370 Mass. at 496-497; Commonwealth v. Walker, 370 Mass. 548, 554-556, cert. denied, 429 U.S. 943 (1976); United States v. Watson, 423 U.S. 411, 424-425 (1976). The voluntariness of the defendant’s consent here was indicated by his cooperative conduct (Commonwealth v. Aguiar, 370 Mass. at 496) and by the absence of trickery or threats on the part of the trooper (Commonwealth v. Walker, 370 Mass. at 555). Bell’s failure immediately to inform the defendant of the rape warrant outstanding against him was not an omission that required a finding that the trooper employed direct or indirect coercion to obtain the pistols. Compare Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. at 228; United States v. Watson, 423 U.S. at 424-425. Neither was the acquisition of the pistols made unreasonable, nor was the defendant’s
2. The defendant contends that the judge erred when he allowed a witness to testify to parts of a conversation between the defendant and Dowling, a codefendant whose trial had been severed from that of the defendant. The defendant argues that the part of the conversation attributed to Dowling was hearsay and also violated the rule stated in Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123 (1968). The only argument made to the judge as to the admissibility of this testimony was based on the Bruton rule, even though, as the defendant concedes in his brief, Bruton "is restricted in its holding to the introduction of a statement inculpating a defendant where the co-defendant at joint trial declines to take the stand and subject himself to cross-examination.” We decline to extend the rationale of that rule to the present situation.
We note, without considering the timeliness of the objections made at trial, that the testimony objected to concerned a running conversation between Dowling and the defendant. Most of the conversation was attributed to the
3. Early in the part of his charge on the subject of rape, the judge read the principal parts of G. L. c. 265, § 22, as appearing in St. 1974, c. 474, § 1, and that part of G. L. c. 277, § 39, as appearing in St. 1974, c. 474, § 7, which defines rape. After making some general observations on acts constituting rape, the judge returned to the definition in § 39 but read it as it appeared before it had been amended in 1974. ''[B]ut to get back to this again: rape is the unlawful, forcible carnal knowledge by a man of a woman against her will and without her consent.” He went on to say, “Well, the only lawful intercourse that can take place is between a husband and wife and there is no question that Laura Bascom was not the wife of the defendant.” The defendant excepted to the latter statement. He argues that the judge “interjected into the jury deliberation process an issue which the jurors should not have been directed or permitted to consider....”
The judge’s use of the word “unlawful” and then his description of the circumstances in which intercourse may be lawful was unnecessary and better left unsaid.
4. Lastly, the defendant faults the judge’s charge concerning the indictment for the commission of an unnatural and lascivious act under G. L. c. 272, § 35. We need look only to whether the jury were properly instructed as to evidence that would permit them to find that an unnatural act had taken place.
A. We are of the opinion that the judge erred in allowing to remain uncorrected certain language in his charge to which the defendant excepted. The charge as it was left with the jury was in the main a reading of parts of the language appearing in Jaquith v. Commonwealth, 331 Mass. 439, 442-443 (1954). This broad language would be inappropriate in a charge today. Balthazar v. Superior Court, 573 F.2d 698, 700-702 (1st Cir. 1978). The instructions given also left the jury free to find that the fondling of the victim’s breasts or the touching of her pelvic area could be an unnatural and lascivious act. Both the Supreme Judicial Court and this court have judicially defined specific acts which constitute unnatural sexual intercourse. See Commonwealth v. Gallant, 373 Mass. 577, 584-587 (1977); Commonwealth v. Mamay, 5 Mass. App. Ct. 708, 709-710 (1977). Such acts are also proscribed by G. L. c. 272, § 35. See Commonwealth v. Deschamps, 1 Mass. App. Ct. 1, 4 (1972). None of those cases goes so far as to hold that the fondling and touching referred to in the charge here could be considered unnatural acts. To approve the charge as given, it would be necessary to extend the meaning of the language of § 35 to include such actions, and that we decline to do.
It is clear that a person under the age of sixteen cannot give such consent (G. L. c. 272, § 35A) and that a person who was attained the age of eighteen can. G. L. c. 4, § 7, Forty-ninth, as appearing in St. 1973, c. 925, § 1. Despite our holding in Commonwealth v. Fleurant, 6 Mass. App. Ct. 846 (1978), and the use of the word "adult” by the Supreme Judicial Court in the Balthazar case, a majority of the panel are of the belief that there is a serious question as to whether it is the law that a person between sixteen and eighteen who can consent to any of the panoply of acts which constitute sexual intercourse (Commonwealth v. Gallant, 373 Mass. at 584-585 [1977]; Commonwealth v. Mamay, 5 Mass. App. Ct. at 709-710 [1977]) can also consent to those acts which have been or may be classified as "unnatural and lascivious” under G. L. c. 272, §§ 35 and 35A, so as to bar a prosecution under either of those sections. The Supreme Judicial Court was not faced with that question in Balthazar, as the victim in that case testified that she was twenty-one at the time of the alleged offense and was thus an "adult” by any standard.
A majority of the panel are of the opinion that the question whether a person sixteen or seventeen years of age may give consent to an unnatural or lascivious act within the meaning of the Balthazar case is of unusual legal significance and accordingly report that question to
Because the charge allowed the jury to find the defendant guilty of violating § 35 by reason of acts which we have held are insufficient to support a conviction, the judgment under indictment 13621 charging an unnatural and lascivious act is reversed, and the verdict on that indictment is set aside. The judgments on the other indictments are affirmed.
So ordered.
We note that the United States Supreme Court has expressly rejected the notion that only consent obtained after a knowing and intelligent waiver of one’s Fourth Amendment rights would be sufficient to bypass the Fourth Amendment’s warrant requirement. Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. at 235-246. When the Court adopted the voluntariness standard for consent searches, they were aware that it was looser than the standard required for waivers of other constitutional rights. To impose a requirement that the right to counsel be knowingly and intelligently waived before consent sufficient to allow a warrantless search could be given would run contrary to the thrust of Schneckloth. But see United States v. Praetorius, 457 F. Supp. 329 (E.D.N.Y. 1978).
This issue might well have been avoided had either counsel called the judge’s attention to the fact that he had read § 39 as it appeared prior to being amended.