443 Mass. 93 | Mass. | 2004
The defendant was convicted of murder in the first degree by reason of extreme atrocity or cruelty. The victim was his wife. The defendant, who testified at trial, admitted that he had killed his wife but asserted that, due to mental illness, he lacked criminal responsibility for her death. Represented by new counsel on appeal, he argues that (1) the judge erred by admitting in evidence statements the defendant made to the police and his family without conducting a hearing on voluntariness; (2) his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance in waiving any objection to the admission of those statements and in certain other respects; (3) the judge’s instructions to the jury on provocation were erroneous; (4) he was wrongly denied funds necessary to retain a psychiatric expert to testify at the hearing on his motion for a new trial; and (5) he is entitled to relief under G. L. c. 278, § 33E. We affirm.
1. Background. The jury could have found the following. On Thanksgiving Day, November 26, 1992, the defendant and the victim, who had been experiencing tension in their marriage, had an argument. The next morning, the defendant awoke to find the victim preparing to leave their Pembroke home with the couple’s two children, a seven year old girl and an eighteen month old boy. The defendant told his daughter to stay out of the bedroom and then, during an argument with his wife, manually strangled her until she became unconscious. The defendant placed his two children into his automobile, but returned to the house to collect clothing and diapers for his infant son. When he realized that the victim was still alive, the defendant stomped on her neck and then cinched a bandana around her throat, causing the injuries from which she died.
After killing his wife, the defendant drove their children toward Maine, where he owned property. Before reaching that destination, the defendant turned around and drove to his mother’s house in Weymouth. The defendant testified that he
When the Weymouth police arrived, the defendant was twice advised of his Miranda rights and twice acknowledged that he understood those rights. The defendant was also advised by his brother that he did not have to say anything to the police. He nevertheless proceeded to do so. The police described the defendant as “very quiet and subdued,” “very calm,” “sitting very quietly,” and able to communicate clearly and coherently. The defendant testified that as he related the events surrounding the killing, he was “able to control” himself and had decided that he would “take responsibility for [his] actions.”
Police officers escorted the defendant to the station, where he signed two written waivers of his Miranda rights. The defendant confessed to the murder in detail. Throughout several hours of questioning and observation by the police, he was calm, quiet, and able to answer questions coherently.
The defendant has a history of mental illness, and at the time of the killing had been prescribed medication for bipolar disorder. Three defense expert witnesses testified that he was suffering from manic psychosis at the time of the killing and that he lacked the ability to know the wrongfulness of or control his actions. The defendant also testified that at the time of the killing, he “didn’t know what [he] was doing.”
There was other evidence from which the jury could find that at the time of the victim’s death, the defendant was in control of his actions and able to tell right from wrong. A psychiatrist for the prosecution testified that he could find no substantial evidence that any mental illness or disorder had impaired the defendant at the time of the killing. The police officers who interviewed the defendant just hours after the killing reported that he was calm, cooperative, and able to relate the events of the morning in significant detail.
The jury could also consider the following facts concerning the circumstances of the killing, on which the Commonwealth’s expert relied in part to opine that the defendant could appreciate the wrongfulness of his actions at the time of the killing. The
2. The defendant’s confessions. Trial counsel did not move to suppress statements made by the defendant to the police and his family members. At the commencement of the trial, counsel expressly waived any objection to the admissibility of those statements.
3. Ineffective assistance. The defendant asserts that his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance by (a) failing to challenge the admission in evidence of the defendant’s statements; (b) calling the defendant to testify as his first witness; (c) failing to prepare the defendant for rigorous cross-examination; and (d) presenting the defendant to the jury in a medicated state and failing to inform the jury that the defendant was medicated at trial. We address each in turn, considering “whether there was an error in the course of the trial (by defense counsel, the prosecutor, or the judge),” and if so, “whether that error was likely to have influenced the jury’s conclusion.” Commonwealth v. Wright, 411 Mass. 678, 682 (1992), citing G. L. c. 278, § 33E. As to claimed errors in trial counsel’s strategy, none is established unless we are persuaded that counsel’s tactics were “ ‘manifestly unreasonable’ when undertaken.” Commonwealth v. Sielicki, 391 Mass. 377, 379 (1984), quoting Commonwealth v. Levia, 385 Mass. 345, 353-354 (1982). See Commonwealth v. Lynch, 439 Mass. 532, 537, 539 (2003), citing Commonwealth v. Finstein, 426 Mass. 200, 203 (1997) (discussing standard of review applicable to tactical decisions of counsel in trial for murder in first degree). Only “strategy and tactics which lawyers of ordinary training and skill in the criminal law would not consider competent” are manifestly unreasonable. Commonwealth v. Levia, supra at 353, quoting Beasley v. United States, 491 F.2d 687, 696 (6th Cir. 1974). See Commonwealth v. Degro, 432 Mass. 319, 333 (2000) (“It is far too easy to examine a transcript and point to ways to ‘do it better’ ”); Commonwealth v. Vinton, 432 Mass. 180, 186 (2000).
a. Waiver of challenge to voluntariness. Ruling on the motion for a new trial, the judge concluded that trial counsel’s tactical decision not to challenge the admissibility of the defendant’s confessions to his family and the police was not manifestly unreasonable for two reasons: any motion to suppress those statements would have failed, and the exclusion of the statements “would likely have deprived [the defendant] of evidence
First, as to the defendant’s statements to his family, an admission to a private citizen is admissible unless it is coerced, Commonwealth v. Vazquez, 387 Mass. 96, 101-102 (1982), even if not the result of “a meaningful act of volition.” Id. at 102 (admitting in evidence statements by defendant suffering from mental illness). The defendant points to nothing that would suggest that his brother or mother coerced him in any respect to admit to the killing. See Commonwealth v. Mahnke, 368 Mass. 662, 679-681 (1975), cert. denied, 425 U.S. 959 (1976) (statements coerced by private individuals are inadmissible). Cf. Commonwealth v. Adams, 416 Mass. 55, 60-61 (1993) (finding reasonable question of voluntariness for purposes of humane practice rule when defendant presented evidence that his mother psychologically coerced his confession to police). As the judge found, the defendant “voluntarily confessed his actions to his brother and mother without any prompting.” A motion to suppress the defendant’s statements to his family would not have succeeded.
A motion to suppress the defendant’s statements to the police also would have failed. The defendant’s claim is that his mental illness deprived him of the ability to withhold incriminating information. Faced with such a claim, a judge must determine whether “the statements given were the ‘product of a rational intellect as part of the issue of voluntariness.” Commonwealth v. Vazquez, supra at 99, quoting Commonwealth v. Chung, 378 Mass. 451, 457 (1979). On appeal, the Commonwealth does not contest that the defendant suffered from mental illness. But that is not the end of the inquiry. Here, the defendant’s expert testified, in the words of the motion judge, that the defendant’s bipolar disorder “when active, caused him to suffer from ‘discrete manic episodes’ accompanied by delusions, auditory hallucinations, lack of concentration and agitation.” In contrast to this behavior, when the defendant spoke to the police, both at his mother’s home and at the police station, there was evidence that he was “calm” and “alert,” and his confessions were chronological and “coherent.” See Commonwealth v. Vazquez, supra at 100 (“clarity and detail of the defendant’s statements
Even if voluntary, the. defendant’s statements to the police could have been suppressed had the defendant been able to establish that the statements were the product of defective Miranda waivers, as the defendant now argues.
Faced with overwhelming evidence of the circumstances of the killing and the testimony concerning the defendant’s affect when he arrived at his mother’s house and in the succeeding hours, we cannot say that counsel’s decision to use the statements affirmatively was unreasonable. See Commonwealth v. Laurore, 437 Mass. 65 (2002). In fact, had the defendant’s statements been excluded, the prosecution likely would have called the defendant’s eleven year old daughter to testify, for she witnessed many of the events surrounding the killing. While the confessions allowed the jury to see the defendant as an emotional and contrite man, testimony by his daughter, bolstered by overwhelming physical evidence of the circumstances of the killing, could have left a very different impression. Trial counsel’s decision not to challenge the voluntariness of the Miranda waiver did not represent the kind of “strategy and tactics which lawyers of ordinary training and skill in the criminal law would not consider competent.” Commonwealth v.
b. The defendant’s testimony. The Commonwealth called as its final witness a medical examiner, whose testimony, combined with autopsy and crime scene photographs of the victim, was graphic. The defendant now contends that trial counsel erred by calling him to testify as the first witness for the defense because he added nothing to the defense, and because he was too distraught at the time to respond effectively to the prosecutor’s cross-examination. Here, too, we agree with the judge’s conclusion that counsel’s decision did not extend “beyond the range of reasonableness.” Commonwealth v. Adams, 374 Mass 722, 730 (1978).
A decision whether and when to call a witness is a matter of tactical strategy, giving rise to error only when the decision to call the witness was “manifestly unreasonable when made.” Commonwealth v. Martin, 427 Mass. 816, 822 (1998). See Commonwealth v. Britto, 433 Mass. 596, 602-603 (2001). As explained by the judge, trial counsel had good reason to call the defendant, and to call him immediately following the medical examiner. As the judge noted, “in many ways [the defendant] was his best witness.” Recalling his own observations of the trial, the judge recollected that the defendant “[tjhroughout his testimony . . . repeated that he loved [the victim] and did not know what was happening when he killed her.” While other witnesses gave testimony that supported the defendant, his own words, said the judge, “had the most potential to persuade the jury.”
As to the timing of the defendant’s testimony, the jury heard the defendant testify that he was a caring husband, confused, and deeply sorry for what he had done.
c. Preparation of the defendant. The defendant contends that trial counsel failed to prepare him adequately for his testimony, as evidenced (he claims) by the testimony elicited by the prosecutor on cross-examination.
Ruling on the defendant’s motion for a new trial, the judge made findings to support his ruling that trial counsel adequately prepared the defendant. See Commonwealth v. Nieves, 429 Mass. 763, 770 (1999). We afford special deference to factual findings where, as here, the motion judge also presided at the defendant’s trial. Commonwealth v. Hung Tan Vo, 427 Mass. 464, 467 (1998). That in hindsight the defense strategy was not wholly successful because the defendant did not fare well under cross-examination, does not mean that more preparation would have made a difference or that trial counsel was ineffective. See Commonwealth v. Adams, supra at 728-729.
A defendant usually has the right to appear at trial in an unmedicated state. Commonwealth v. Louraine, 390 Mass. 28, 32-38 (1983). When a defendant is medicated at trial, he may introduce evidence of the effect of that medication, if it is relevant to the issues in the case. Commonwealth v. Gurney, 413 Mass. 97, 103-104 (1992). Nevertheless, in this case, we agree with the judge who concluded that neither the defendant’s unmedicated demeanor nor evidence of his medicated condition “was of such relevance to his lack of criminal responsibility defense so as to warrant a new trial” on the ground that trial counsel was ineffective.
First, as the Commonwealth persuasively argues, it is far from clear that the defendant was not medicated at the time of the killing.
Trial counsel may have “strategically straddled,” in the words of the judge, the issue of the defendant’s medication because a full exploration of that subject might have led to conclusions that would have compromised the lack of criminal responsibility defense. Focusing on the defendant’s medication would have alerted the jury to the defendant’s history of taking his medication inconsistently, allowed the prosecution to emphasize the defendant’s admission that he had taken his medication before killing his wife, and drawn attention to his ability to behave appropriately during trial, even though he may not have been taking his medications as prescribed. Lacking an affidavit from trial counsel that sheds any light on the issue, we cannot say that counsel’s tactics in this regard were manifestly unreasonable. See Commonwealth v. Adams, supra at 729-730.
4. The jury instruction on voluntary manslaughter. The defendant requested an instruction on provocation, to which the Commonwealth did not object. There was no specific objection to the instruction as given.
A provocation instruction need not be given unless there is evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the defendant, that is “sufficient to create a reasonable doubt in the minds of a rational jury that a defendant’s actions were both objectively and subjectively reasonable. That is, the jury must be able to infer that a reasonable person would have become sufficiently provoked and would not have ‘cooled off’ by the time of the homicide, and that in fact a defendant was provoked and did not cool off.” Commonwealth v. Groome, 435 Mass. 201, 220 (2001), quoting Commonwealth v. McLeod, 394 Mass. 727, 738 (1985), cert. denied sub nom. Aiello v. Massachusetts, 474 U.S. 919 (1985). The defendant argues that the victim’s statement on the morning of the killing that “I am leaving and taking the kids” required an instruction on provocation. But here the medical evidence was uncontroverted that the victim died from wounds inflicted during the second attack, when there had been more than sufficient time for the defendant to cool off. See Commonwealth v. Brum, 441 Mass. 199, 205-206 (2004) (manslaughter instruction not required where no evidence “that makes a theory of reasonable provocation or sudden combat tenable”); Commonwealth v. Groome, supra at 221.
Even if we ignore any “cooling off” period, the victim’s “leaving” her husband and “taking” their children is not evidence of provocation sufficient to warrant a voluntary manslaughter instruction. See Commonwealth v. Seabrooks, 425 Mass. 507, 513-514 (1997), S.C., 433 Mass. 439 (2001) (victim’s statement to defendant that “he would never see his child again” not sufficient to warrant manslaughter instruction). See also People v. Arnold, 17 Ill. App. 3d 1043, 1047 (1974) (victim’s silence when asked to give defendant custody of their children not basis for manslaughter instruction on provocation).
5. Funds on motion for a new trial. In connection with his motion for a new trial, the defendant sought to hire a new expert with funds pursuant to G. L. c. 261, § 27C.
We have already concluded, supra, that the trial decisions the defendant sought to repudiate in his postconviction motion were reasonable tactical choices. This is not a case where there was no expert evidence at the trial itself, or where trial counsel simply ignored a plausible defense. Trial counsel was well informed concerning the defendant’s mental state and called five experts to testify on his behalf. As the judge noted, those five experts had the benefit of interviewing the defendant shortly after the killing, “observing his demeanor and his emotional state.” There was no abuse of discretion in the judge’s conclusion that in these circumstances, funds to hire a new expert were not “reasonably necessary.”
6. G. L. c. 278, § 33E, review. Pursuant to our duty under G. L. c. 278, § 33E, we have reviewed the whole case on the law and the evidence. The record contains evidence of the defendant’s mental illness. But not every defendant suffering from bipolar disorder or other mental illness lacks criminal responsibility for his acts. Here, the circumstances of the crime and the testimony of lay and expert witnesses alike provided evidence for the jury to find that the defendant was criminally responsible under the test described in Model Penal Code § 4.01 and adopted in Commonwealth v. McHoul, 352 Mass. 544
Judgments affirmed.
Order denying motion for a new trial affirmed.
Trial counsel did argue that the defendant lacked competency to stand trial, and the trial was delayed until the spring of 1996, while the defendant’s competency was contested. Ultimately, the judge ruled that the defendant was competent to stand trial. During the course of the trial the judge made certain observations about the defendant’s demeanor during the trial to the effect that the defendant was behaving entirely appropriately. On appeal, the defendant does not challenge the competency determination made by the judge.
The judge who ruled on the defendant’s motion for a new trial was also the trial judge.
No affidavit of trial counsel was filed in connection with the motion for a new trial. See Commonwealth v. Lynch, 439 Mass. 532, 539 n.2 (2003).
Two of the defendant’s experts opined that the defendant’s behavior in the weeks preceding the killing suggested that he was not taking his medication consistently and was not fully medicated on the day of the killing.
The defendant has suggested that, pursuant to Commonwealth v. DiGiambattista, 442 Mass. 423, 446-449 (2004), the jury should have been instructed on the failure by the police to make an audio-taped recording of the defendant’s confession. Our ruling in that case provides only prospective relief. See Commonwealth v. Dagley, 442 Mass. 713, 721 (2004). There was no error.
The defendant’s statements to the police, which were made before any interaction with counsel or experts, supported both the expert witnesses and the defendant’s own trial testimony about his mental state at the time of the killing. For instance, trial counsel elicited testimony from the defendant, consistent with his statements on the day of the killing, that his wife’s green eyes had “turned all black” and “foggy” before the fatal attack.
As the judge noted, the autopsy pictures that the defendant now argues made him too distraught to respond effectively to cross-examination were in fact used by his trial counsel to elicit helpful testimony from the defendant relating to his defense of lack of criminal responsibility.
The Commonwealth also points out that calling the defendant as the first witness circumvented the Commonwealth’s ability to cross-examine the defendant about a written statement concerning the killing that the defendant had provided one of his experts. The judge ordered the defendant to produce a copy of the statement to the Commonwealth when a defense expert explained that he had relied on this written statement to form his opinion.
Under cross-examination, the defendant testified that on the morning of the killing, he knew he “had done something wrong” and knew that it would be “wrong and illegal” to kill his wife. He testified that he had been able to “control” his first attack on his wife. The defendant admitted that he was able to stop the attack for at least two minutes while he prepared to leave with the children, and that, around the time of the killing, he was able to control his actions and make decisions.
In an affidavit submitted in support of his motion for a new trial the defendant claimed that during the trial he had been taking Depakote, a mood stabilizer and anti-epileptic drug; Trazodone, an antidepressant; and Mellaril, an antipsychotic medication.
The defendant had been prescribed medication for bipolar disorder for several years prior to the homicide. On the day of the killing, the defendant twice told the police officers who interviewed him that he had taken medication that morning. At trial, the defendant testified that he could not remember having taken his medication on the day of the killing. See note 4, supra.
The judge found that the record is “replete” with instances where the defendant determined when and what medication he would take.
While the defendant did not object specifically to the language of the judge’s instruction on provocation, he asserts here that his proposed jury instructions and objection to the portion of the instruction on “cooling of passions” constituted sufficient objection that we should apply the prejudicial error standard of review. We need not resolve that claim because the error did not prejudice the defendant.
“The correct rule is that, where the evidence raises the possibility that the defendant may have acted on reasonable provocation, the Commonwealth must prove, and the jury must find, beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant did not act on reasonable provocation.” Commonwealth v. Lynch, 439 Mass. 532, 542-543 (2003), quoting Commonwealth v. Acevedo, 427 Mass. 714, 716 (1998).
The trial in this matter occurred two years before our decision in Commonwealth v. Acevedo, supra.
On appeal the Commonwealth apparently concedes that the evidence raised the issue of “heat of passion,” noting only that “the defendant stated that the victim was leaving him and taldng the children.”
Other jurisdictions hold consistently that a victim’s termination of a romantic relationship cannot constitute adequate provocation to warrant a manslaughter instruction. See, e.g., People v. Ramirez, 56 P.3d 89 (Colo.
We have reviewed the record for any conduct of the victim not identified by the defendant that, when viewed in its light most favorable to the defendant, might have provided evidence sufficient to warrant a voluntary manslaughter instruction. There is none. A police officer testified that the victim had told the defendant, “That’s it. I’m leaving and taking the kids.” At some point, according to the defendant, the victim said, “You’ll get yours.” As we explain, the victim’s statements do not constitute provocation. The defendant himself asserted that an argument then “ensued” and he “began choking his wife until she was unconscious.” The defendant stated that when he returned to the house the victim “came off the bed” and “grabbed” him, and that the victim “fought strongly” and “fought hard,” in the defendant’s words. That the victim tried to thwart the defendant’s attempt to strangle her is not evidence of provocation. The defendant was not entitled to a voluntary manslaughter instruction on a theory of heat of passion on reasonable provocation. Nor was there evidence sufficient to warrant a voluntary manslaughter instruction on the theories of heat of passion induced by sudden combat, or excessive force in self-defense.
General Laws c. 261, § 27C, provides, in pertinent part, that an indigent defendant shall not be denied “extra fees and costs if . . . reasonably necessary to assure the [defendant] as effective a . . . defense or appeal as he would have if he were financially able to pay.”
The judge also ruled that the type of expert testimony that the defendant sought would not normally be subject to the G. L. c. 261, § 27C, provision of funds. In his renewed motion for funds, and here, the defendant asked for reconsideration in light of changes in the apposite rules. See Commonwealth v. Murphy, 442 Mass. 485, 510 (2004) (discussing amendments to Mass. R. Crim. R 30 [c] [5], as appearing in 435 Mass. 1501 [2001], which authorize allowance of costs associated with new trial motions). Because we uphold the judge’s ruling that the funds sought were not “reasonably necessary,” we need not address the judge’s second, independent rationale for denying funds.