COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Appellee v. Connie WILLIAMS, Appellant.
854 A.2d 440
Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
July 22, 2004.
Reargument Denied Sept. 28, 2004.
508 Pa. 440
Argued March 2, 2004.
Michael Wayne Streily, Amy E. Constantine, Christopher H. Connors, Pittsburgh. Amy Zapp, Harrisburg, for Com.
Before: CAPPY, C.J., CASTILLE, NIGRO, SAYLOR, EAKIN, BAER, JJ.
OPINION
Chief Justice CAPPY.
A jury found Appellant guilty of first-degree murder1 and of abuse of a corpse.2 Subsequently, Appellant received a sentence of death.3 This is a direct appeal
The relevant facts of this case are as follows. Appellant and Frances Williams, the victim in this case, married in June of 1995. On August 12, 1999, Frances disappeared. Immediately prior to Frances’ disappearance, the couple had been experiencing marital discord that stemmed from various problems, including allegations of infidelity and drug abuse.
Following the disappearance, Appellant maintained that he did not know Frances’ whereabouts and that she probably left him due to their marital problems. On August 20, 1999, Janice Smith, Frances’ younger sister, filed a missing persons report. The Pittsburgh Police Sexual Assault/Family Crisis Unit assigned Detective Susan Keasley to investigate Frances’ disappearance. From August 24, 1999 until January 5, 2000, the investigation was limited to telephone conversations with Appellant. However, on January 5, 2000, Appellant gave Detective Keasley permission to search his residence for evidence and clues concerning Frances’ disappearance.
The following day, Detective Keasley met with Appellant at his residence and, with Appellant‘s permission and knowledge, tape-recorded an interview that she conducted with him. In that interview, Appellant answered several of the detective‘s questions in a vague and equivocal manner, which raised the detective‘s suspicions. Later that day and in a follow up on January 14, 2000, members of the Allegheny County Crime Lab‘s Forensic Serology Division inspected Appellant‘s residence.
In their investigation of Appellant‘s home, the Forensic Division utilized luminol, a chemical that illuminates when it contacts the iron component of blood. Several areas of the home, including the kitchen, the steps leading to the basement, and the basement, reacted with the luminol. These results led the investigating forensic serologist to conclude that blood had been present in those areas.
Due to this conclusion, Detectives Dennis Logan and Richard McDonald of the Pittsburgh Police Department met with Appellant at their office on the morning of January 14, 2000. The detectives advised Appellant of his Miranda rights,4 and Appellant signed an acknowledgement of those rights. The detectives questioned Appellant, and at first, he insisted that he and Frances had an argument before she disappeared and that she left their home due to that argument. However, Appellant eventually relented and admitted to stabbing and killing Frances.
During this statement, Appellant said that two days before Frances’ sister filed the missing persons report, Frances confronted him while he was in the kitchen trimming the fat off of a steak with a knife. He stated that she was angry with him for going through her purse and removing her marijuana. According to Appellant‘s statement to the detectives, the couple began to argue about Appellant‘s son‘s presence in the home, about Appellant‘s alleged infidelity, and about Frances’ alleged drug use. He stated that Frances called him a “poor ass nigger” and that the argument escalated to the point that he got so angry that he blew up and stabbed Frances in the chest. N.T., 1/22/02, 133-134.
Appellant then stated that after he realized that Frances was unable to talk and
After Appellant gave this statement to the detectives, he accompanied them to the location of the body. The body was found and recovered. The Allegheny County Coroner performed an autopsy the next day and discovered that the victim‘s hands, feet, and head were missing. When Detective Logan questioned Appellant about these discoveries, Appellant quipped that “some people will steal anything” and then began to laugh. N.T., 1/22/02, 146.
Appellant eventually admitted to cutting up the body with a hacksaw in his basement. He stated that he did not share this information initially because he felt that “it was too gross” to tell the detectives. N.T., 1/22/02, 146. Appellant informed Detective Logan that the day after he killed Frances, he buried the body parts in a salvage yard in McKees Rocks. Following this discussion, Appellant accompanied the detectives to the salvage yard and pointed out where he buried the body parts. Subsequently, the authorities recovered the remains.
On January 23, 2002, a jury found Appellant guilty of first-degree murder and of abuse of a corpse. At sentencing, the jury found one aggravating circumstance and one mitigating circumstance. As to the aggravating circumstance, the jury found that Appellant previously had been convicted of another murder.5
Appellant proved the catch-all mitigating circumstance,
In his direct appeal to this Court, Appellant raises three issues: whether the evidence was sufficient to support a verdict of first-degree murder; whether the Commonwealth‘s introduction of the testimony of four victim impact witnesses resulted in a capricious and arbitrary imposition of the death penalty; and whether the sentence of death in this case amounts to cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Supreme Court of the United States’ prohibition against the execution of the mentally retarded.
Appellant argues that the evidence the Commonwealth presented at trial was insufficient to sustain a verdict of first degree murder. “In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, this Court must determine whether the evidence admitted at trial, and all reasonable inferences drawn from the evidence in favor of the Commonwealth as verdict winner, supports the jury‘s finding of all of the elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt.” Commonwealth v. Tharp, 574 Pa. 202, 830 A.2d 519, 523 (2003). Evidence is sufficient to sustain a first-degree murder conviction where the Commonwealth establishes, beyond a reasonable doubt, that a human being was unlawfully killed, that the accused is responsible for the killing, and that the accused acted with specific intent.
A review of the record reveals that Appellant testified at trial that he “blew up” and stabbed Frances in the chest with a knife. The record also demonstrates that Appellant subsequently dismembered and disposed of Frances body and that, after her body was recovered, the Allegheny County Corners Office determined that Frances cause of death was a stab wound to the chest, which penetrated her breastbone and heart. We find that this evidence is clearly sufficient to sustain a verdict of first degree murder.
Despite this evidence, Appellant argues that the Commonwealth failed to prove that he had the requisite state of mind at the time of the killing to be convicted of first-degree murder. For the reasons that follow, we disagree.
Appellant concedes that he stabbed Frances in the chest. Appellant argues, however, that the stabbing was accidental. He asserts that during the argument that led to the stabbing, he attempted to throw away Frances marijuana; she subsequently called him a “poor ass nigger” and attempted to retrieve the marijuana; and then he, forgetting that he had a knife in his hand, pushed her away from the drugs. Appellant contends that because he testified to this version of the stabbing at trial and because no evidence admitted at trial contradicts this version of the stabbing, the jury merely speculated that Appellant had the specific intent to kill Frances.
In criminal proceedings, the credibility of witnesses and weight of evidence are determinations that lie solely with the trier of fact. Commonwealth v. Shaver, 501 Pa. 167, 460 A.2d 742, 745 (1983). The trier of fact is free to believe all, part, or none of the evidence. Id. This Court will not reweigh the evidence and substitute our judgment for that of the factfinder. Commonwealth v. Pronkoskie, 498 Pa. 245, 445 A.2d 1203, 1206 (1982). At trial in the case sub judice, Appellant testified that he and Frances got into an argument, that he “blew up,” and that he pushed Frances, forgetting that he had a knife in the hand with which he pushed her. N.T., 1/22/02, 197-199. The jury‘s verdict reflects that the jury chose not to believe that Appellant forgot that he had a knife in his hand when he stabbed Frances. Appellants testimony alone is sufficient to establish that Appellant unlawfully killed Frances, and, because Appellant stabbed Frances in her chest and through her heart, the jury could properly infer that Appellant had the specific intent necessary to be convicted of first-degree murder. Bond, 652 A.2d at 311. Therefore, we find that the evidence in this case was sufficient to support a conviction of first-degree murder.
Next, Appellant makes several arguments pertaining to the admission of victim impact testimony in the penalty phase of his trial. During the penalty phase of capital murder trials in this Commonwealth, “evidence concerning the victim and the impact that the death of the victim has had on the family of the victim is admissible.”
In Appellant‘s first argument pertaining to the victim impact testimony in his case, he asserts that “[t]he weight of the evidence
Appellant then contends that in his case, the testimony of four victim impact witnesses was excessive. First, Appellant argues that this testimony was an excessive outpouring of grief, which “unconstitutionally focused the jury‘s attention on the victims life, rather than on the crime of which the jury found Defendant guilty.” Brief for Appellant at 19. Appellant states that the nature and number of the victim impact testimony in this case functioned as a “super aggravating factor” and as an “arbitrary tie-breaker” for the aggravating and mitigating circumstances. Appellant relies on a concurring and dissenting opinion in Commonwealth v. Rice, 568 Pa. 182, 795 A.2d 340 (2002), cert. denied sub nom., 538 U.S. 926, 123 S.Ct. 1571, 155 L.Ed.2d 319 (2003) and a dissenting opinion in Commonwealth v. Means, 565 Pa. 309, 773 A.2d 143 (2001)6 for the general propositions that he puts forth under this part of his victim impact testimony claim.
This Court has considered and rejected these arguments against the admissibility of victim impact testimony. Id. A majority of this Court has, however, held that victim impact testimony is constitutionally permissible evidence in capital trials. Harris, 817 A.2d at 1052-53. Therefore, Appellant is not afforded relief under these arguments.
Appellant also argues that in his case, victim impact testimony from four witnesses was so excessive that the testimony “infected the sentencing proceeding with unfairness as to render the jury‘s imposition of the death penalty a denial of due process.” Appellant‘s Brief at 21. Further, Appellant would seem to have this Court find that the testimony of four victim impact witnesses is per se excessive in this case because Appellant only killed one victim.
In Means, we stated that “victim impact testimony will only be admitted where the Commonwealth establishes that the victim‘s death did in fact have an impact on the victim‘s family.” 773 A.2d at 158. We concluded that once the Commonwealth has met this threshold for admissibility, “the exact method victim impact testimony is presented is left to the discretion of the trial court.” Id.7 We observed, however, that “relief is always available to correct those situations where unduly prejudicial information is introduced which renders the sentencing process fundamentally unfair.” Id. at 150 (citing to Payne v. Tennessee, 501 U.S. 808, 111 S.Ct. 2597, 115 L.Ed.2d 720 (1991)).
During the penalty phase of Appellant‘s trial, Janice Smith, Frances’ sister, testified first. Penalty Phase N.T., 1/23/02, 40-43. In her brief testimony, Ms. Smith testified to her close relationship
We find that the cumulative effect of the testimony demonstrated that Frances’ murder has been difficult on her family. Therefore, the testimony falls within the admissibility rule announced in Means and discussed above. Moreover, we conclude that the testimony of these four witnesses was not excessive or unduly prejudicial, and therefore, this testimony did not render the sentencing process to be fundamentally unfair.
Additionally, we decline to establish a per se rule regarding the number of victim impact witnesses that may be presented in any given proceeding. To do so would be arbitrary and contrary to considering victim impact issues on the case by case basis that
Next, Appellant contends that the victim impact testimony caused the jury to sentence Appellant to death based on passion, prejudice, or other arbitrary factors. Appellant argues that in this Commonwealth, a sentence of death must be set aside when the sentence is based on passion, prejudice, or other arbitrary factors.8 At the conclusion of the penalty phase of Appellant‘s trial, however, the court appropriately instructed the jury, inter alia, as to the burdens of proof associated with aggravating and mitigating circumstances, as to how to weigh such circumstances, and as to how to utilize victim impact testimony in weighing the circumstances.9 Moreover, the court informed the jury as to the nature of victim impact statements and specifically stated that the jury‘s “consideration must be limited to a rationale [sic] inquiry into the culpability of the defendant, not an emotional response to the evidence.” Penalty Phase N.T. 1/24/02, 137. The court went on to state that “[t]he sentence you impose must be in accordance with the law as I have instructed you and not be based on sympathy, prejudice, emotion, or public opinion and not based solely on victim impact testimony.” Penalty Phase N.T. 1/24/02, 137. Therefore, because the jury is presumed to have followed the trial court‘s instructions, Commonwealth v. Jones, 542 Pa. 464, 668 A.2d 491, 504 (1995), this claim fails.
Appellant‘s last claim is that the imposition of the death penalty in his case amounts to cruel and unusual punishment due to the Supreme Court of the United
In Atkins, the Court stated that the execution of the mentally retarded is excessive punishment under the Eighth Amendment of the United States Constitution. Id. at 321, 122 S.Ct. 2242. Based on this conclusion, the Court held that “death is not a suitable punishment for a mentally retarded criminal.” Id. However, the Court noted that determining who is in fact mentally retarded is a much debated topic. Id. at 317, 122 S.Ct. 2242. Rather than enunciating a universal standard for determining whether a criminal defendant is mentally retarded, the Court left it up to the states to develop appropriate ways to enforce this restriction upon their execution of sentences. Id.
Recently, in Commonwealth v. Mitchell, 576 Pa. 258, 839 A.2d 202 (2003), this Court encountered and addressed an Atkins claim, similar to Appellant‘s claim, in a direct appeal of a sentence of death. In Mitchell, a jury convicted Isaac Mitchell, Sr. of, inter alia, two counts of first-degree murder and fixed the penalty at death. Id. at 205. In his direct appeal to this Court, Mitchell raised, inter alia, a claim under Atkins in which he asserted that he was mentally retarded and, therefore, was ineligible for a death sentence. Id. at 209.
We began our analysis of Mitchell‘s Atkins claim by noting that “[i]n order to address the merits of [Mitchell‘s] individual claim this court would need to develop and adopt universal standards for carrying out the mandate of the Atkins decision in Pennsylvania.” Id. We decided that our ability to assess the merits of Mitchell‘s claim and to announce a standard for implementing Atkins was impaired because no Atkins defense existed when the trial court convicted and sentenced Mitchell.10 Id. Due to this gap, the record lacked evidence of whether Mitchell was indeed mentally retarded, and if he was, what standards were used to classify him as such. Id. We felt further handicapped in deciding Mitchell‘s Atkins claim because we were “without the benefit of adversarial argument and judicial opinion on the definition of mental retardation and the correct juncture in a capital trial to address the issue of whether a defendant is mentally retarded.” Id.
In Mitchell, we did decide that when a defendant asserts mental retardation as a bar to the imposition of the death penalty, the defendant carries the burden of proving such an
assertion to a preponderance of the evidence. Id. at 211 n. 8. However, this Court did not determine whether Mitchell was retarded, nor did we set a standard for making such a determination. Rather, we decided that considering the state of the record and the importance of Mitchell‘s Atkins claim, the claim was best suited for full review in a collateral challenge under
In the case sub judice, this Court is again faced with a situation where we are asked to decide the merits of an appellant‘s Atkins claim, which was unavailable
Therefore, although the relief sought in Mitchell is different from the relief Appellant seeks,12 the circumstances are similar enough to warrant the same outcome. Appellant‘s Atkins claim is best suited for full review upon a collateral challenge.
Finally, in accordance with our statutory duty, this Court shall affirm a sentence of death unless “(i) the sentence of death was the product of passion, prejudice, or any other arbitrary factor; or (ii) the evidence fails to support the findings of at least one aggravating circumstance specified in subsection (d).”
Accordingly, for all of the foregoing reasons, we affirm the verdict of first-degree murder and the sentence of death.13
Justice NEWMAN did not participate in the consideration or decision of this case.
Justice NIGRO files a concurring opinion.
Justice NIGRO, Concurring.
I join the majority opinion but write separately only to address its analysis as it relates to Appellant‘s arguments that victim impact testimony was improperly admitted in the penalty phase of his trial. In Commonwealth v. Means, I dissented from the lead opinion‘s conclusion that Pennsylvania‘s statutory scheme governing victim impact evidence in the penalty phases of capital trials was constitutional. See Means, 565 Pa. 309, 773 A.2d 143, 162-167 (2001) (Nigro, J., dissenting). To correct what I saw as the constitutional infirmity of that scheme, I set forth a series of procedural safeguards that would, in my
I nonetheless recognize that, under the controlling precedent of this Court, Appellant is not entitled to relief on his claims and I therefore join the majority‘s disposition to that effect. See Means, 773 A.2d at 147-58; Commonwealth v. Harris, 572 Pa. 489, 817 A.2d 1033, 1052-1053 (2002). Accord Commonwealth v. Rice, 568 Pa. 182, 795 A.2d 340, 363-64 (2002) (Nigro, J. concurring) (recognizing stare decisis effect of decision in Means ).