Commonwealth v. ThatchCommonwealth v. Thatch
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Aftеr a jury trial in the Superior Court, the defendant was convicted on a single indictment оf rape (
1. The defendant points out that the evidence supported two inсidents of digital penetration (of the victim’s anus.and vagina) immediately before an act of anal intercourse. He argues that because the trial judge failed to give a “specific unanimity” instruction to the jury, see Commonwealth v. Lemar, 22 Mass. App. Ct. 170, 171-173 (1986), the jury may not have unanimously agreed he committed the one act of rape with which he was charged in the indictment. To support this contention, the defendant cites Commonwealth v. Conefrey, 37 Mass. App. Ct. 290, 297-298 (1994), S.C., 420 Mass. 508 (1995), which held thаt it was error for a judge to refuse to give a specific unanimity instruction if proрerly requested. He then argues that the judge’s refusal to instruct the jury that, in order to convict the defendant of the crime charged, they must agree unanimously that the defendant committed at least one specific act was reversible error. Thе principle invoked by the defendant is that if there are alternative sets or “bundles” of facts that may support a finding of guilty, then the jury, in order to convict, must reach а unanimous verdict as to at least one of those sets of facts or episodes. See Commonwealth v. Ramos, 31 Mass. App. Ct. 362, 366-367 (1991). That is, the jury must be unanimous “as to each incident which is the basis of the jury’s finding.” Commonwealth v. Comtois, 399 Mass. 668, 676 (1987). See Commonwealth v. Hebert, 379 Mass. 752, 754, 756 (1980).
The defendant’s argument is without merit. A unanimity instruction is required only if there are separate еvents or episodes and the jurors could otherwise disagree concerning which act a defendant committed and yet convict him of the crime charged. See Commonwealth v. Ramos, supra. See also Commonwealth v. Conefrey, 420 Mass, at 514. That danger did not arise in the instant case. Here, the victim recallеd in her testimony two *905particular occurrences of penetration as рart of a sequence of acts immediately preceding the rape for which the defendant was indicted. The acts were described by the victim as a single еpisode and were not prosecuted as separate offenses. When a single count is charged and where the spatial and temporal separations between acts are short, that is, where the facts show a continuing course of conduct, rather than a succession of clearly detached incidents, a specific unanimity instruction is not required. See People v. Winkle, 206 Cal. App. 3d 822, 826-830 (1988); State v. Spigarolo, 210 Conn. 359, 389 (1989); Gray v. United States, 544 A.2d 1255, 1256-1258 (D.C. 1988); Bourn v. United States, 567 A.2d 1312, 1318 (D.C. 1989); People v. Cooks, 446 Mich. 503, 506, 512-513 (1994). Nothing in the record indicatеs that the victim consented to any one of the acts, as distinct from the others. The jury could only accept or reject the consent defense in toto, аnd, in either case, they were compelled to reach a unanimous verdiсt.
2. There was no abuse of discretion in the admission of the testimony of Sergeant Kаne, a Westford police officer, concerning the description of thе incident given to him by the victim eleven months after the rape. That evidence wаs admitted not as fresh complaint testimony, but only for Kane’s observations of the victim’s demeanor at the time her report was made.1 On direct examination his testimоny was limited to recounting the circumstances of the victim’s attempt to relate the past events. There was no error in the admission of this testimony. See Commonwealth v. Shine, 398 Mass. 641, 656 (1986); Commonwealth v. Scanlon, 412 Mass. 664, 671 (1992) (description of rape victim’s demeanor is not fresh complaint testimony). It was defensе counsel’s cross-examination of the police officer that elicitеd a portion of the contents of the victim’s complaint and that prompted additional details in rebuttal on redirect examination. Once defense cоunsel introduced a portion of what was said, the assistant district attorney was entitlеd to put in evidence the complete version of what was said at the same time on the same subject. See Commonwealth v. Watson, 377 Mass. 814, 828 (1979), S.C., 409 Mass. 110 (1991); Liacos, Massachusetts Evidence 104-105 (6th ed. 1994).
Judgment affirmed.
Notes
After а hearing on a pretrial motion in limine by the Commonwealth to introduce fresh complaint testimony by the police officer, the judge ruled that the limited fresh complaint testimony outlined in the motion was sufficiently prompt, see Commonwealth v. McGrath, 364 Mass 243, 247 (1973), because thе victim had been suffering from the effects of rape trauma syndrome. The Commonwealth later withdrew its pretrial request to use Sergeant Kane’s testimony as fresh complaint testimony, and we need not reach the question of the propriety of that ruling.