COMMONWEALTH vs. FRANK TARVER
Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts
Suffolk. March 4, 1975. — December 22, 1975.
369 Mass. 302
Present: TAURO, C.J., QUIRICO, BRAUCHER, HENNESSEY, & KAPLAN, JJ.
Homicide. Rape. Constitutional Law, Search and seizure, Due process of law. Search and Seizure. Probable Cause. Evidence, Opinion: expert; Leading question; Photograph. Witness, Expert. Identification. Practice, Criminal, Disclosure of evidence before grand jury.
Where a defendant had been arrested for one crime and promptly after his arrival at the police station hair samples were snipped from his head, chest and pubic area in connection with investigation of a second crime unrelated to that for which he had been arrested, and where at the time of his arrest the police had probable cause to charge him with the second crime, the taking of the hair samples was a valid search incident to a lawful arrest. [305-310]
At a criminal trial there was no error in the admission of expert testimony, based on microscopic comparison of samples of the defendant‘s hair with hair taken from the victim‘s body, although such testimony could not identify the hair found on the body but could only exclude large classes of persons as the source of the hair. [310-311]
Although a witness at a criminal trial had been only eight years old at the time of the offense and although he had identified the de
At a criminal trial there was no error in permitting a question calling for identification, which the defendant on appeal claimed was multifarious, leading and confusing, where the defendant‘s objection to the question at the trial was based solely and specifically on due process grounds and where in the context of the examination of the witness the meaning of the question should have been clear. [313]
At the trial of indictments charging murder and sexual assault on a young girl evidence that the victim was last seen alive in the company of the defendant and that substantial bleeding accompanied the sexual assault, and expert testimony from which the jury could infer that certain hairs found in the interior of the clothing of the victim had been forcibly removed from the defendant‘s head and pubic area warranted a finding that the victim was alive at the time of the sexual attack. [313-315]
If a murder and a rape, or attempted rape, form part of a continuous transaction, the killing constitutes murder in the first degree regardless whether the victim was alive or dead at the time of sexual molestation. [315-317]
At the trial of indictments charging crimes related to sexual abuse of a child there was no error in the admission of six black and white photographs of the victim‘s body. [317-318]
Where a criminal case was tried before the decision of this court in Commonwealth v. Stewart, 365 Mass. 99 (1974), and the defendant failed to show a particularized need for inspection of the grand jury testimony of a witness, there was no error in denying the defendant‘s motion for a copy of the transcript of this testimony. [318]
At the trial of a criminal case in which it was clear beyond dispute that a homicide was involved, error, if any, in the admission of a death certificate, containing the specification that the victim‘s death was a homicide, was harmless. [318-319]
Imposition of the death penalty on a defendant convicted of murder committed in the course of a sexual assault on a child violated the State Constitution. [319] TAURO, C.J., concurring; QUIRICO, J., dissenting.
INDICTMENTS found and returned in the Superior Court on October 12, 1971.
The cases were tried before Roy, J.
Thomas F. Reardon, Assistant District Attorney (Sandra L. Hamlin, Assistant District Attorney, with him) for the Commonwealth.
HENNESSEY, J. The defendant was tried before a Superior Court judge with jury on indictments charging him with the crimes of murder, kidnapping, indecent assault and battery on a child under the age of fourteen, and carnal knowledge and abuse of a female child, one Theresa, a six-year old girl. He was found guilty as to all the indictments after a trial subject to
The defendant argues that there was error in the denial of his motion to suppress from evidence certain hair samples taken from him after his arrest; in the admission in evidence of photographs, allegedly inflammatory, of the body of the deceased child; in the denial of his motion to strike certain expert testimony concerning microscopic comparison of hair samples of the defendant with hair removed from the clothing of the decedent; in the admission in evidence of a death certificate containing the word “homicide“; in the introduction of in-court identification testimony, allegedly constitutionally impermissible, by the ten-year old brother of Theresa; in the denial of his motion to inspect grand jury minutes; in the denial of his motions for directed verdicts of not guilty as to the charges of indecent assault and battery on a child under fourteen and carnal abuse of a female child; and in the
There was evidence that Theresa went to see a movie at the Roxbury Cinema on April 26, 1970, accompanied by her brother Richard, who was then eight years old, and her brother Michael, who was then ten years old. The children left the theatre about 4 P.M. and events occurred thereafter, as fully described, infra, culminating in the disappearance and death of Theresa.
We conclude that there was no error, except in the imposition of the death penalty, and that the judgments are to be affirmed as modified to require the imposition of a sentence of life imprisonment in lieu of the sentence of death.
1. Samples of the defendant‘s hair were snipped from his head, chest, and pubic area. The defendant‘s motion to suppress these samples was denied by the trial judge after an evidentiary hearing. The samples, together with expert testimony concerning comparison with hair taken from the clothing of the victim, were admitted in evidence. The defendant, correctly we believe, does not contend that there is any violation of the Fifth Amendment or Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Rather, he makes the argument that the hair samples were taken from him in violation of the Fourth Amendment in that an unreasonable search and seizure were involved. See Schmerber v. California, 384 U.S. 757, 766-772 (1966). There was no error.
The judge made findings of fact at the hearing on the motion to suppress the hair samples. He found, in part, that the crimes involved in the instant indictments occurred on April 26, 1970, and that Officer Daley of the Boston police department, homicide unit, on April 27, 1970, received detailed descriptions of the assailant from Theresa‘s two brothers.2 Officer Daley at that time (April 27, 1970) was also aware of the fact that a sexual
Late in November, 1970, the Boston police learned that the defendant was being held in custody in north Las Vegas, Nevada, on an unrelated charge. Officers Daley and O‘Malley went to Las Vegas, and rendition proceedings were then commenced for the return of the defendant to Massachusetts. As a result of these proceedings, the defendant was brought back to Boston in the custody of the officers. The hair samples were taken promptly on his arrival at a Boston police station, in what we conclude was a valid search incident to a lawful arrest. The warrant on which the rendition was based arose out of the indictments concerning Nadene. No indictments or complaints relating to the crimes against Theresa had as yet been returned when the hair samples were taken. The hair samples were in no way related to the investigation of Nadene‘s case.
We accept as true the defendant‘s statement of a basic principle deriving from the Fourth Amendment, that as a rule, but with certain recognized exceptions to the rule, any search or seizure which is accomplished without a valid warrant is unreasonable and therefore unlawful. See Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 357 (1967). The defendant also emphasizes, in urging that the search and seizure here were unreasonable, that the hair samples were taken when the defendant was under arrest for an unrelated crime, was without counsel, and was a prime suspect in the crimes involving Theresa.
The burden of establishing reasonableness was on the Commonwealth (Chimel v. California, 395 U.S. 752, 762 [1969]; Commonwealth v. Antobenedetto, 366 Mass. 51, 57 [1974]), and we believe that burden was sustained. We rely generally on the reasoning that a search incident to a lawful arrest may be valid even though accomplished without a warrant. Essentially, the defendant‘s argument is that the search and seizure were related to the case involving Theresa, and he was not under arrest for the crimes against her. Nevertheless, we conclude that the hair samples were properly taken in a search incident to arrest.
We recognize that the same Fourth Amendment standards of probable cause are applicable to arrests as well as to searches. Giordenello v. United States, 357 U.S. 480, 485-486 (1958). In Davis v. Mississippi, 394 U.S. 721 (1969), where the defendant was briefly detained by the police for questioning, without probable cause, evidence of his fingerprints obtained during the detention was excluded as the fruit of an unlawful arrest. “Nothing is more clear than that the Fourth Amendment was meant to prevent wholesale intrusions upon the personal security of our citizenry, whether these intrusions be termed ‘arrests’ or ‘investigatory detentions.‘” Id. at 726-727. Compare Commonwealth v. Bumpus, 362 Mass. 672, 674-677 (1972), judgment vacated and remanded on other grounds, 411 U.S. 945 (1973), affd. on rehearing 365 Mass. 66 (1974), (where this court said that evidence obtained involuntarily from a suspect not under arrest was admissible, since the evidence was procured under a court order issued after a hearing in which probable cause for arrest of the suspect was shown), with McGowan, Constitutional Interpretation and Criminal Identification, 12 William & Mary L. Rev. 235, 242-247 (1970).
The Commonwealth argues that a search has been upheld even where the suspect was not under arrest (as in Cupp v. Murphy, 412 U.S. 291 [1973], where a search for fingernail scrapings was upheld even though there was no formal arrest). We do not consider the Cupp
Of primary importance is our conclusion that the police had probable cause to believe, at the time they took the hair samples, that the defendant was guilty of the kidnapping and murder of Theresa. Thus, although the defendant was not under arrest for those crimes and indeed no complaint had issued against him as to those crimes, the police were not engaged in a catchall or random proceeding in hopes of involving the defendant in as yet unknown crimes; rather they were purposefully pursuing the investigation of specific crimes as to which strong evidence against the defendant was known to them. Cf. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 30 (1968).
Probable cause was made out by an unusually detailed description provided to the police by Theresa‘s two brothers at the time of her disappearance. They described the man who asked them to buy Pall Mall cigarettes in a nearby store, and who was with Theresa when they last saw her as they entered the store. Their description correlated in remarkable detail with the appearance and characteristics of the defendant as the police observed him when they took him in custody in north Las Vegas. There was even further corroboration when the police considered other evidence as to the defendant‘s appearance, as stated by friends and relatives, on the day of Theresa‘s disappearance.
As of the time of the taking of the hair samples, some of the known facts which tended to relate the defendant to Theresa‘s case were that the defendant resided in the precise neighborhood from which Theresa disappeared;
Thus the existence of probable cause as to Theresa‘s case is important to our conclusion that the search and seizure here were not unreasonable. It is not crucial that the defendant was not under arrest for the crimes against Theresa, since it seems clear (from specific police testimony) that the police would have proceeded just as aggressively to procure his arrest in Theresa‘s case if he were not already in custody on a warrant in Nadene‘s case. Further, the search and seizure were made promptly on the defendant‘s arrival in custody in Boston. Compare Stoner v. California, 376 U.S. 483, 486-487 (1964), with United States v. Edwards, 415 U.S. 800, 810 (1974) (Stewart, J., dissenting).
If the hair samples had been relevant as to Nadene‘s case there is no doubt that the search would be valid as routinely incident to a lawful arrest, just as an identifying procedure such as fingerprinting would be appropriate. It would not be supportive of the true purposes of the Fourth Amendment for this court to hold that the search was unreasonable merely because the arrest was made in the name of Nadene‘s case, since there was simultaneously known to the arresting police at least equally strong evidence implicating the defendant in Theresa‘s case.
In concluding that the taking of the hair samples was not unreasonable within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment, we consider, in addition to the existence of
2. The defendant also argues that certain expert testimony concerning the hair samples of the defendant should not have been received in evidence. This testimony resulted from microscopic comparison of the hair samples with hair taken from and near the victim‘s body. The thrust of the defense argument is that the analysis was not such as to permit identification of the hair found on and near the body; concededly the expert at best could have eliminated the defendant as a suspect, if that result had conformed to the facts.
The qualifications and competence of the witness to testify were, as in most cases, to be decided in the discretion of the trial judge. Commonwealth v. Devlin, 365 Mass. 149, 152 (1974), and cases cited. It was sufficiently shown in the record that the use of microscopic examination has been generally accepted by the community of scientists involved. See Commonwealth v. Fatalo, 346 Mass. 266, 269 (1963); Commonwealth v. Lykus, 367 Mass. 191, 204 (1975). The expert opinions were relevant; it was sufficient that the opinions served, if accepted by the jury, to exclude large classes of persons from consideration as the source of the hairs found on
3. The defendant argues that the in-court identification of the defendant by the witness Richard, a brother of Theresa, was impermissibly tainted and should have been excluded. The defendant emphasizes that a period of eight months elapsed between the date of the offense and the date the witness viewed a lineup,3 at which he stated that the defendant “look[ed] like” the man he had observed in the company of his sister on the day she disappeared. In the interim, photographs of other men had been shown to him, and on one occasion he had picked out the defendant from photographs of two men shown to him. Further, the suggestion is that the questions put to the witness which led to the in-court identification were leading and confusing.
We of course examine the totality of circumstances to ascertain whether the in-court identification was tainted by proceedings “so unnecessarily suggestive and conducive to irreparable mistaken identification that . . . [the
We consider the due process question with the principles of United States v. Wade, 388 U.S. 218, 241 (1967), in mind.5 We recognize that eight months elapsed between the time of the offense and the lineup confrontation, and that this is an important negative factor. Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. at 201 (1972). So also are the facts that the witness Richard was only eight years old at the time of the offenses and ten years old at the time of the trial, and that there was evidence that the defendant was the only bald man, with a facial scar, in the lineup. This falls far short of establishing that the lineup was tainted. Even assuming that the pre-trial confrontation was suggestive, all criteria considered together support the judge‘s ruling allowing the in-court identification before the jury. Richard had observed the defendant in good lighting conditions for more than a minute and a half under circumstances (the disappearance of his sister) which very soon thereafter almost certainly tended to
The defendant further objects to the form of the in-court identification evidence, contending that the ultimate question calling for identification was multifarious, leading and confusing to the witness and the jury. It is urged that the question be considered in light of the fact that the witness was only ten years old. First of all, we note that the defendant‘s objection at the trial to the question now in issue was specifically and solely based, not on the form of the question, as now argued, but on due process grounds. Furthermore, we conclude that the meaning of the question, as heard in the context of the examination of the witness, should have been clear to the witness and the jury. In particular the question followed a series of answers in which the witness had told the jury that he had identified a man in the lineup who “look[ed] like” the man who was present when Theresa disappeared. The question and answer, particularly in light of the stated ground of the defendant‘s objection, were properly admitted in the judge‘s discretion. See Commonwealth v. Harrison, 342 Mass. 279, 286 (1961).
4. The defendant argues that it was error for the judge to deny the defendant‘s motions for directed verdicts on two of the indictments charging, respectively, indecent assault and battery on a child under the age of fourteen and carnal knowledge and abuse of a female child. The defendant contends that the evidence is conjectural as to
Implied in the defendant‘s argument is the further contention that if he was entitled to a directed verdict on the carnal abuse indictment, he would also be entitled to a new trial on the conviction of murder in the first degree. This follows because the judge in his charge to the jury permitted consideration, as one premise for a verdict of murder in the first degree, a murder committed “in the commission or attempted commission of a crime punishable with death or imprisonment for life.”
We conclude also that, as to murder in the first degree, we should base the result on a second ground. We hold, for the first time in this Commonwealth, with reference to the murder indictment, that it is inconsequential in a case of this kind that the death of the victim preceded the sexual attack.7 Other courts have so held. See People v. Quicke, 61 Cal. 2d 155, 158-159 (1964); People v. Goodridge, 70 Cal. 2d 824, 838 (1969); People v. Stanworth, 11 Cal. 3d 588, 604-605 n.15 (1974); State v. Whitfield, 129 Wash. 134, 138-139 (1924). See also People v. Tolbert, 70 Cal. 2d 790, 801, 806 (1969), cert. den. 406 U.S. 971 (1972).
The reasoning of these cases is convincing, particularly as stated in State v. Whitfield, supra: “The proof of the killing, together with the fact that it was committed in connection with a rape, is sufficient to constitute murder in the first degree. From the very nature of things — and the evidence in this case illustrates the situation as well as any case could — it is often impossible for the state to know at just what instant a killing was committed, whether it was done in the commission of a felony, or in attempting to commit a felony, or while withdrawing from the scene of a felony. The facts here show that there were blows on the head of the child which may have been inflicted before the rape took place, or after the rape had been committed, or may have been inflicted while the accused was withdrawing from the scene. The child‘s throat was also cut, and the same uncertainty exists as to when that mortal wound was inflicted. It is impossible to tell whether the wounds to the head or throat occasioned the death. Under such circumstances, to compel the state to make a choice as to the exact instant that an unwitnessed killing took place is, by a technicality, to embarrass justice.”
In the Whitfield case and cases from other jurisdictions (see, e.g., cases cited in the three preceding paragraphs),
Accordingly, we hold that, in so far as the conviction of murder in the first degree is concerned, it is inconsequential whether the victim was alive or dead at the time of sexual molestation, so long as the rape, or attempted rape, and the murder were parts of a continuous transaction. It is indisputable in this case that the evidence warranted an inference that the crimes were part of a continuous transaction. It follows that, on this second and alternative reasoning, there was no error in submitting to the jury the indictment concerned with murder, and in charging the jury that a conviction of murder in the first degree would be warranted, among other grounds, if they found that the homicide was committed during a rape or attempted rape.
5. The defendant claims error in the admission of six black and white photographs of the body of Theresa in that they were so inflammatory in nature that they overrode any probative value. There was no error. The photographs had important evidential value, particularly in light of the Commonwealth‘s burden to prove crimes charged under the indictments related to sexual abuse of the child. Commonwealth v. McGarty, 323 Mass. 435, 438-439 (1948), and cases cited. Commonwealth v. Pike, 324 Mass. 335, 338 (1949), and cases cited. Commonwealth v. Lee, 324 Mass. 714, 718-719 (1949), and cases cited. Commonwealth v. Lamoureux, 348 Mass. 390, 392-393 (1965). Commonwealth v. Stirling, 351 Mass. 68, 72 (1966). Commonwealth v. Rogers, 351 Mass. 522, 531, cert. den. 389 U.S. 991 (1967). Commonwealth v. Chalifoux, 362 Mass. 811, 817 (1973).
6. The defendant asserts error in the judge‘s denial of his motion to be furnished with a copy of the transcript of the grand jury testimony of the witness Richard. This court, in conferring a right of access to grand jury testimony of Commonwealth witnesses relating to the subject matter of their testimony at trial without a showing of a particularized need, ordered that the new rule would be applied prospectively only. Commonwealth v. Stewart, 365 Mass. 99, 105-106 (1974).
The burden in the instant case, which was tried before the date of the Stewart decision, is thus on the defendant to show a particularized need. Commonwealth v. Ladetto, 349 Mass. 237, 244-245 (1965). Commonwealth v. Doherty, 353 Mass. 197, 209-210 (1967), cert. den. 390 U.S. 982 (1968). Commonwealth v. Gordon, 356 Mass. 598, 602-603 (1970). The defendant in substance argues that the record shows evidence of particularized need so compelling as to demonstrate error in the judge‘s ruling adverse to the defendant‘s motion. We disagree. There is nothing before us to demonstrate error in the ruling of the judge (who examined the grand jury transcript in camera) that the record showed no inconsistency with the witness‘s testimony at the trial. See Commonwealth v. Stewart, 365 Mass. at 104. Although it is clear that appellate counsel has examined the grand jury record, the defendant‘s argument in this regard is neither specific nor well focused. Particularized need was not demonstrated before the trial judge, or before this court. See generally Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co. v. United States, 360 U.S. 395, 400 (1959).
7. The defendant contends that it was error to permit the introduction of a death certificate concerning Theresa which contained the specification by the medical examiner that the death was a “homicide.” In Commonwealth v. Lannon, 364 Mass. 480, 485 (1974), we sug-
8. The defendant challenges the constitutionality of the death penalty imposed on him. This court has decided that the death penalty for rape-murder is proscribed by our State Constitution. Commonwealth v. O‘Neal, supra at 243 (O‘Neal II). Accordingly the death penalty imposed herein must be vacated.
9. There was no error except in the single particular of the death penalty. Accordingly, the murder indictment is remanded to the Superior Court where the sentence of death is to be vacated and a sentence of imprisonment for life is to be imposed. Commonwealth v. LeBlanc, 364 Mass. 1, 14-15 (1973).
After reviewing the entire evidence and proceedings in accordance with our function under
So ordered.
TAURO, C. J. (concurring). Justice Quirico, speaking in dissent, states that the majority in this case as well as in O‘Neal II feel that “the General Court has somehow lost the constitutional power . . . to mandate, as matter of legislative judgment and policy, that the penalty for the crime of rape-murder shall be death,” and concludes that he and Justices Reardon and Braucher “[adhere] to the position that under the Constitution of this Commonwealth the General Court still has . . . [this] power.”
I am quite confident that Justice Quirico does not wish to leave the impression (as might be inferred) that in
Of course the General Court has the power and the duty to exercise “legislative judgment and policy.” Such exercise of judgment and policy is entitled to the utmost respect by this court. Moreover, the Justices should never substitute their views on matters of judgment and policy for those of the Legislature. However, it always has been and still is our solemn constitutional and statutory obligation to make the ultimate decision on constitutional questions. This is precisely what the majority have done.
QUIRICO, J. (dissenting in part). The defendant was convicted of the crimes of murder in the first degree, kidnapping, indecent assault and battery on a child under the age of fourteen, and carnal knowledge and abuse of a female child. All four offenses arose out of the same incident and all were committed against the same victim. In part 4 of the court‘s opinion it is stated: “It seems clear that the jury, since they concluded that the defendant was guilty as to all indictments, reached their verdict of murder in the first degree based on a conclusion that the defendant raped or attempted to rape the victim.”
Under
Despite the factual and statutory background described above, this court has this day held that the death penalty imposed on the defendant “must be vacated,” and it has ordered that “the murder indictment is remanded to the Superior Court where the sentence of death is to be vacated and a sentence of imprisonment for life is to be imposed.” The holding and order are preceded by the statement that the death penalty for the crime of rape-murder is proscribed by the Constitution of this Commonwealth, citing as authority therefor the decision in Commonwealth v. O‘Neal, ante, 242, 243 (1975) (O‘Neal II), decided this day. The relationship between the O‘Neal decision and the order that the sentence of death in the present case be vacated is further indicated by the following statement in fn. 6 of the court‘s opinion in this case: “[I]f we had not held in . . . [the O‘Neal II case], that even the mandatory death penalty applicable to rape-murder is unconstitutional under our State Constitution, it seems clear that this court might well have been constrained to affirm the death penalty in this case.”
For all the reasons stated in the dissenting opinion of Reardon, J., which I joined, in the O‘Neal II case, I also dissent from the action of the court in holding in this
In the O‘Neal II case, four members of this court, Tauro, C.J., and Hennessey, Kaplan, and Wilkins, JJ., concluded that the General Court may no longer mandate the death penalty for the crime of rape-murder, basing their conclusions on one or more of several constitutional grounds, no one of which grounds had more than three adherents. A fifth member, Braucher, J., concurred in the result on a basis of statutory construction, but he did so after first stating that “[o]n the constitutional issues discussed in the opinions of my brothers, I find myself in agreement with the dissenting opinion of Justice Reardon.” There were thus three members of the court, Reardon, Quirico, and Braucher, JJ., who, in O‘Neal II, adhered to the position that under the Constitution of this Commonwealth the General Court still has the power which it has at all times heretofore possessed to mandate, as matter of legislative judgment and policy, that the penalty for the crime of rape-murder shall be death.