At issue in this case is whether, during the defendant’s appeal from his conviction of murder in the first degree, defense counsel was burdened by an actual or potential conflict of interest arising from his intimate personal relationship with an assistant district attorney in the appellate division of the office that represented the Commonwealth on appeal, such that the defendant was deprived of the effective assistance *214 of counsel on appeal. A single justice in the county court, acting as a gatekeeper pursuаnt to G. L. c. 278, § 33E, allowed the defendant to proceed with this appeal from the denial of his motion for a new trial to the extent that it presented that issue. 1 For the reasons that follow, we affirm the denial of the defendant’s motion for a new trial.
Background.
The defendant, John Stote, was convicted in 1997 of murder in the first degree. After plenary review of the record, we affirmed the conviction and the denial of Stote’s first motion for a new trial (first motion).
Commonwealth
v.
Stote,
*215
Facts.
Ordinarily, we accord “ ‘special deference to the factual findings’ of a judge who ruled on the defendant’s motion for a new trial ‘where, as here, the motion judge also presided at the defendant’s trial.’ ”
Commonwealth
v.
Pillai,
While he was representing Stote, Walsh and the ADA attended a concert together in late March, 1999, and began dating, seeing each other on weekends, until approximately April, 2000. When this relationship began, Walsh had already prepared and filed Stote’s first motion. During the course of Walsh’s relationship with the ADA, the first motion was denied after a nonevidentiary hearing, and Walsh prepared and, possibly, filed Stote’s appellate brief. 5 The relationship between Walsh and the *216 ADA ended bеfore the Commonwealth filed its appellate brief and before oral argument took place. In his own affidavit, Stote attests that the relationship was not disclosed to him and that if he had known of the relationship, he would not have had Walsh represent him.
The affidavits of Walsh and the ADA reveal the following facts about the nature of their relationship. The ADA attests in her affidavit that she and Walsh did not live together at any time during their relationship. Walsh similarly attests that they lived separately. The ADA also states that she does not know whether the relationship was “monogamous.” Although neither affidavit states whether the relationship was sexual, we can safely assume that it was, given that the relationship lasted more than one year, the participants were mature adults, neither of them has denied it, and the ADA’s reference to a “monogamous” relationship implies as much. The ADA further states that Walsh did not bring legal work to her home, did not to her knowledge receive telephone calls at her home regarding legal matters, and did not discuss Stote’s case with her or disclose confidential information to her. She states that, while she and Walsh were seeing each other, they did not “substantively” discuss their “respective legal concerns” 6 and that their work did not “overlap in any respect.” Although she was aware that Walsh was working on “an appellate brief,” she did not know of its contents, and “even if” she knew the defendant’s name “at that time,” she did not know anything about Stote’s case until she read our 2000 opinion, which was issued after the relationship ended. Walsh similarly attests that he did not discuss Stote’s case or appeal with the ADA and that he did not disclose аny confidential information to her. Shortly after the relationship ended, according to the ADA’s affidavit, Walsh began living with another woman whom he later married.
The ADA’s affidavit also indicates that she did not participate in the preparation of the Commonwealth’s brief in Stote’s appeal. The trial prosecutor, in her affidavit, attests that she alone wrote the Commonwealth’s opposition to Stote’s first motion and, later, the Commonwealth’s appellate brief without the assistance of anyone in the district attorney’s office, other than submitting *217 the brief to her superiors for approval. The trial prosecutor further states that she did not discuss any aspect of the Stote case with the ADA.
Although, in accordance with the single justice’s decision, we do not consider whether Stote is entitled to a new trial due to any alleged conflict of interest arising from Walsh’s previous relationship with the trial prosecutor, some facts concerning that relationship are relevant to our decision. In 1979 and 1980, Walsh and the trial prosecutor dated, but lived separately. 7 Their dating relationshiр ended amicably in 1980, some seventeen years before Stote’s trial. Walsh and the trial prosecutor maintained a cordial and professional relationship thereafter. Both Walsh and the trial prosecutor eventually went on to marry others, in Walsh’s case, as stated above, after his relationship with the ADA ended.
Discussion.
“An element of the fundamental right to counsel under art. 12 of the Massachusetts Declaration of Rights is the defendant’s right to the full and undivided loyalty of his attorney. A defendant is entitled to the untrammeled and unimpaired assistance of counsel free from any conflict of interest.”
Commonwealth
v.
Shraiar,
1. Actual conflict. “An ‘actual’ or ‘genuine’ conflict of interest arises where the ‘independent professional judgment’ of. . . counsel is impaired, either by his own interests, or by the interests of another client.” Commonwealth v. Shraiar, supra at 20. It is “one in which prejudice is ‘inherent in the situation,’ such that no impartial observer could reasonably conclude that the attorney is able to serve the defendant with undivided loyalty.” Commonwealth v. Mosher, supra at 819-820, quoting Commonwealth v. Epsom, 399 Mass. 254, 262 (1987). It is the defendant’s burden to prove an actual conflict of interest by presenting “demonstrative proof detailing both the existence and the precise character of this alleged conflict of interest; we will not infer a conflict based on mere conjecture or speculation.” Commonwealth v. Shraiar, supra.
In pertinent part, the rules of professional conduct, which were in effect at the time of Stote’s appeal and of Walsh’s relationship with the ADA, provide: “A lawyer shall not represent a client if the representation of that client may be materially limited by the lawyer’s responsibilities to another client
or to a
*219
third person, or by the lawyer’s own interests,
unless (1) the lawyer reasonably believes the representation will not be adversely affected; and (2) the client consents after consultation” (emphasis added). Mass. R. Prof. C. 1.7 (b),
If the fact of the relationship in Croken, which was serious enough to lead to cohabitation (during the representation), was not sufficient standing alone to establish an actual conflict of interest, the relationship between Walsh and the ADA standing alone is similarly not sufficient. Walsh and the ADA’s yearlong relationship was surely more than a brief, casual affair, yet we cannot conclude that it was an intimate relationship similar to a marriage. Particularly as they did not live together, their relationship was not conducive to “inadvertent breaches of confidentiality,” as cohabitation or marriage is. 12 Id. at 274, quoting ABA Criminal Justice Section, Ethical Problems Facing the Criminal Defense Lawyer 248 (1995) (Ethical Problems) (noting potential for such breaches occasioned, e.g., by receiving telephone calls and messages at home, by working at home, or by explaining absence from home). Nor is there reason to believe that Walsh and the ADA developed a financial or personal interest in each other’s careers, that is, that the ADA’s professional advancement would have redounded to Walsh’s benefit or vice versa. Cf. Croken, supra, quoting Ethical Problems, supra at 249 (“district attorney or public defender may have a special interest in the outcome of a case based on a *221 concern for a promotion or political benefit for one’s spouse”). Because the ADA was not handling the Commonwealth’s case on appeal, there is no reason to believe that the Commonwealth’s success in that appeal could have resulted in any professional benefit fоr her. In other words, Walsh’s relationship with the ADA gave him no incentive to provide less than fully vigorous representation of his client.
In
Croken, supra
at 274-276, although we could not conclude on the papers that there was in fact an actual conflict, we did conclude that the defendant’s motion and affidavits raised substantial questions that had not been adequately answered by the Commonwealth. Here, in contrast, the Commonwealth has provided evidence negating the existence of an actual conflict. Both Walsh and the ADA swear that no confidential information about Stote was disclosed, and there is nothing in the record to suggest otherwise. The ADA further swears that she had no involvement in the Commonwealth’s side of Stote’s appeal and knew nothing about the case until she read our opinion. This is corroborated by the trial prosecutor, who swears that she worked alone on the Commonwealth’s brief and never discussed the case with the ADA. Walsh, the ADA, and the trial prosecutor, all officers of the court, bear a duty of candor toward the tribunal, see generally Mass. R. Prof. C. 3.3,
2.
Potential conflict.
“Where no actual or genuine conflict exists, an attorney’s personаl interests or obligations may still
*222
give rise to a ‘potential’ conflict of interest. See
Commonwealth
v.
Soffen,
Stote has not made this showing. Stote argues on appeal that, because of Walsh’s relationship with the ADA, Walsh failed to argue that he was burdened by a conflict of interest
at trial
arising from his previous intimate relationship with the trial prosecutor, depriving Stote of the effective assistance of appellate counsel. We disagree. First, the judge found that the intimate relationship between Walsh and the trial prosecutor had ended seventeen years bеfore Stote’s trial and gave rise to no actual conflict of interest.
14
Second, as to any potential conflict of
*223
interest arising from Walsh’s relationship with the trial prosecutor, the judge pointed out that Walsh “had no hesitation whatsoever in lambasting [the trial prosecutor] for her alleged transgressions at trial” and concluded that “Walsh vigorously represented the defendant both at trial and on appeal.” Much of our opinion in Stote’s direct appeal is devoted to disposing of Walsh’s charges concerning the trial prosecutor’s conduct of the trial. See
Commonwealth
v.
Stote,
Stote also argues that Walsh, as his trial counsel, deprived him of effective assistance due to various failures and omissions at trial, such as failing to investigate and develop certain evidence that would have supported Stote’s defense. Due to the limited scope of review authorized by the gatekeeper, this claim is properly beforе us only to the extent that it might establish material prejudice arising from Walsh’s relationship with the ADA. See notes 1 and 14, supra. Accordingly, to obtain relief on this basis, Stote would have to show not only that the asserted failures at trial constituted ineffective assistance of counsel (that is, that if these asserted failures had been raised in Stote’s direct appeal, the conviction would have been reversed), but also that the relationship with the ADA was what prevented Walsh from raising such claims in the direct appeal. See Commonwealth v. Mosher, supra (defendant must show “ ‘material prejudice’ to his defense resulting from the alleged conflict” [emphаsis added]). Whatever the merits of the former element, Stote cannot establish the latter. Stote offers no reason to believe that, but for the relationship, Walsh would have raised these issues and thereby accused himself of ineffective assistance. Put another way, supposing that Walsh had not been involved in a relationship with the ADA or anyone else in the district attorney’s office and that he was therefore under no potential conflict of *224 interest, he nonetheless would not have argued in the direct appeal that he deprived Stote of effective assistanсe at trial. In these circumstances, the relationship did not affect the arguments raised in Stote’s direct appeal. Stote has not shown that any potential conflict of interest arising from his attorney’s relationship with the ADA resulted in any material prejudice to him.
Conclusion. We conclude that in the circumstances of this case, there was neither an actual conflict of interest nor a potential conflict that resulted in material prejudice in Stote’s appeal. We remind members of the bar of their professional obligation under rule 1.7 (b) to disclose to their clients any intimate personal relationship that might impair their ability to provide untrammeled and unimpaired assistance of counsel. See Croken, supra at 273. Even if an attorney reasonably believes that he or she can continue to represent the client vigorously, the attorney should err on the side of caution by disclosing the relevant facts, which need not include the name of the third person, and asking whether the client consents to the representation. 15 This dispute could well have been avoided if Walsh had simply informed Stote of his relationship with a colleague of the prosecutor who sought affirmance of the conviction. Stote would then have had the opportunity either to give informed consent to the continued representation or to retain different appellate counsel, as Stote attests he would have done. The order denying Stote’s second motion for a new trial is affirmed.
So ordered.
Notes
A single justice denied the defendant’s request to appeal on his claim that a conflict of interest arose from defense counsel’s intimate relationship with thе trial prosecutor — it had ended seventeen years before the defendant’s trial — and that defense counsel deprived him of effective assistance at trial in other respects. “[T]he decision of the single justice, acting as a gatekeeper pursuant to G. L. c. 278, § 33E, is ‘final and unreviewable.’ ”
Commonwealth
v.
Herbert,
Although the assistant district attorney who was the trial prosecutor also represented the Commonwealth in connection with the defendant’s appeal, we refer to her as the “trial prosecutor” to distinguish her from the assistant district attorney in the аppellate division, whom we refer to as an “ADA,” who did not represent the Commonwealth in connection with prosecuting this defendant, either at trial or on appeal.
After the single justice’s decision, Stote filed another motion for a new *215 trial (third motion), along with other motions, in the Superior Court. Those motions were denied, and Stote again petitioned for leave to appeal under the gatekeeper provision of § 33B. A different single justice denied that petition. As no appeal lies from the gatekeeper’s decision, see Commonwealth v. Herbert, supra, the denial of the third motion is not before us.
“Appellate courts generally defer to the sound discretion of the trial judge on whether a motion for a new trial requires an evidentiary hearing or whether it can be decided on the basis of the facts alleged in the affidavits.”
Commonwealth
v.
DeVincent,
Our records indicate that Stole’s appellate brief was filed on April 14, 2000. It is not clear from the affidavits whether the relationship between Walsh and the ADA ended before the brief was filed.
The affidavit is unclear as to any “legal concerns” that may have been discussed.
Stote asserts that Walsh and the trial prosecutor, contrary to their affidavits, did in fact live together. In support of this assertion, he relies on an affidavit executed by a member of the Massachusetts bar and submitted in support of the third motion. See note 2, supra. That affidavit is not properly part of the record before us. In any event, if true, that fact would not affect our conclusion for the reasons explained infra.
In this respect, art. 12 of the Massachusetts Declaration of Rights provides broader protection than the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, under which, even where there is an actual conflict of interest, the defendant must establish that the conflict adversely affected his lawyer’s performance.
Cuyler
v.
Sullivan,
9Walsh’s relationship with the ADA could not have given rise to any conflict *218 of interest at trial because it did not begin until well after Stote was convicted. Stote’s claim is one of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel. If Stote established this, he would be entitled at this juncture to a new appeal, not to a new trial.
Once a defendant’s direct appeal from his conviction of murder in the first degree has been reviewed under G. L. c. 278, § 33E, “[a]ny claim of ineffectiveness of counsеl presented in a subsequent appeal from the denial of a motion for a new trial, authorized by a single justice of this court, would not be tested under the § 33E standard but on the applicable constitutional standards, State and Federal.”
Commonwealth
v.
Wright,
Under our holding in
Commonwealth
v.
Croken,
In his brief, Stole makes much of the fact that Walsh’s аnd the ADA’s affidavits, as well as the judge’s decision, do not state whether their relationship was sexual. Even assuming, as we do, that it was a sexual relationship, that fact alone would not establish that the relationship was an intimate relationship similar to a marriage. The “unique problems” created by such relationships, which we discussed in Commonwealth v. Croken, supra at 274-275, arise largely from the day-to-day practicalities of sharing a home, from the couple’s mutual financial and personal interest in each other’s success, in addition to the couple’s emotional intimacy. A nоnsexual cohabitation may give rise to many of the same problems as a marriage, while a brief, casual sexual relationship may give rise to few, if any, of them. The sexual nature of a relationship is, therefore, one factor to be considered in the case-by-case analysis whether a relationship gives rise to a conflict of interest.
The trial prosecutor’s superior, the chief of the appellate division of the district attorney’s office, submitted both the Commonwealth’s opposition to the second motion and its current brief. Presumably, she was aware of the trial prosecutor’s work on the brief in State’s direct appeal and, as an officer of the court, would not have submitted the trial prosecutor’s affidavit in its current form if she believed or knew the facts were other than as stated therein.
As noted above, the single justice, as gatekeeper, did not allow Stote to pursue his appeal from the denial of the second motion to the extent that he argued that Walsh’s relationship with the trial prosecutor gave rise to a conflict of interest. See note 1, supra. We therefore do not consider whether the judge erred in denying a new trial on that basis. Nevertheless, this does not prevent us from considering whether the omission of this alleged conflict from Stote’s *223 brief caused material prejudice to him in his direct appeal.
On a related point, Walsh’s previous relationship with the trial prosecutor was not disclosed to Stote, and Stote attests that if it had been, he would not have had Walsh represent him. The prudent course of action would have been for Walsh to disclose that previous relationship and to give Stote the opportunity to consent or not to consent to the representation. We need not decide, however, whether Walsh was obligated to do so under rule 1.7 (b).
While the disclosure to the client need not state the name of the person with whom he or she is having or had a relationship, it should provide sufficient information to permit the client to make an informed decision such as the third party’s employer and nature of employment (e.g., as lawyer, paralegal, administrative assistant), and the likelihood of involvement, if any, of the third party in the case.