COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania v. Michael STEWART, Appellant.
Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
April 17, 1975.
336 A.2d 282
Submitted Nov. 11, 1974.
Appellant first raised the claimed invalidity during the hearing on the degree of guilt when he moved to withdraw his plea. The trial court denied the motion and the claim was renewed in post-trial motions. Clearly, the claim of an involuntary and unintelligent plea of guilty was available on appeal. E. g., Commonwealth v. Ingram, 455 Pa. 198, 316 A.2d 77 (1974). Nowhere in the record has appellant even alleged, much less proved, that his failure to pursue this claim on appeal was anything but a knowing and intelligent waiver of any right to relief based upon that claim.4 Neither has he alleged or proved any “extraordinary and unusual circumstances to justify his failure to raise the issue.” Consequently, appellant has failed to prove a fact essential to eligibility for relief under the Act.
Order affirmed.
F. Emmett Fitzpatrick, Dist. Atty., Richard A. Sprague, 1st Asst. Dist. Atty., Steven H. Goldblatt, Asst. Dist. Atty., Chief, Appeals Div., for appellee.
Before JONES, C. J., and EAGEN, O‘BRIEN, ROBERTS, POMEROY, NIX and MANDERINO, JJ.
ROBERTS, Justice.
Appellant Michael Stewart was tried by a jury for the homicide of Ernest Hilton. The jury found appellant guilty of murder in the first degree and a sentence of life imprisonment was imposed. This appeal ensued.1 We reverse the judgment of sentence and grant a new trial.
The only evidence introduced at trial of what transpired the night of the killing was appellant‘s statement to the investigating police officers and his own testimony at trial. According to appellant‘s statement, appellant came home from work and went to a neighborhood playground in West Philadelphia to drink wine with some friends. After drinking for a short time, he accompanied a companion to the companion‘s home where they procured a sawed-off shotgun, the weapon that fired the fatal shot. Thereafter, they returned to the playground. In the meantime, the Market Street Gang had come to the playground to negotiate a peace treaty with the Lex Street Gang of which appellant was a former member. Apparently, the negotiations broke down, a commotion began, and a cry went out that the Market Street Gang was “warring.” Appellant continued his statement:
“Then I got up and was going across the field and somebody handed me the shotgun. ‘Market Street’ was jumping around in the field, saying something. And then I had the shotgun and I went over to the fence and I just shot. The shotgun jumped out of my hands and fell on the ground, and then I just left it and ran . . .”
Appellant‘s testimony at trial varied from his statement to the police. He testified that when the fracas began, the Market Street Gang jumped over a fence be
Appellant asserts that the trial court erred by ruling that testimony about the nature and extent of gang activity in appellant‘s West Philadelphia community was irrelevant.2 Appellant argues that this evidence was relevant to establish that he lacked the intent required for a conviction of murder in the first degree.
Determination of the relevancy of evidence offered at trial requires a two-step analysis. It must be determined first if the inference sought to be raised by the evidence bears upon a matter in issue in the case and, second, whether the evidence “renders the desired inference more probable than it would be without the evidence[.]” McCormick‘s Handbook of the Law of Evidence § 185 (2d ed. E. Cleary 1972) (emphasis omitted); cf. Commonwealth v. McCusker, 448 Pa. 382, 388, 292 A.2d 286, 289 (1972).
In deciding whether in the present case the evidence offered by the defense meets the first test of relevancy, it is necessary to determine what issues were presented
The Legislature has divided the crime of murder into two degrees. As relevant to this case, murder is of the first degree when it is “willful, deliberate, and premeditated.” Act of June 24, 1939, P.L. 872, § 701, as amended by Act of December 1, 1959, P.L. 1621, § 1, 18 P.S. § 4701 (1963).3 Our cases teach that a murder is willful, deliberate, and premeditated if it is committed by one who is conscious of his own purpose and intends to end the life of his victim.4 If this state of mind is absent, a murder is murder in the second degree.
Appellant maintains that, at the moment of the shooting, he acted out of panic and terror and not with an intent to kill. He claims, therefore, that he could not be convicted of murder in the first degree.
Absence of the intent required for a particular degree of a crime, of course, precludes a conviction of that crime, although it may still be proper to convict of a lesser degree of the crime or of some included offense which does not require that intent. For at least a century we have held that a defendant may introduce evidence to prove factors existing prior to the homicide from which it may be inferred that at the time of the homicide he lacked the intent required for a conviction of murder in the first degree.
“[A]mple time for reflection may exist, and a prisoner may seem to act in his right mind, and from a con
Jones v. Commonwealth, 75 Pa. 403, 406 (1874). Thus it is accepted in this Commonwealth that intoxication, rendering the defendant incapable of forming an intent to kill, may preclude a conviction of murder in the first degree.5
Although our research on this issue reveals no Pennsylvania case specifically holding that terror-stricken panic may negate the mens rea element of murder in the first degree, we are convinced that it may do so. Strong emotions have previously been found to prevent the formulation of the intent required for first degree murder. In Commonwealth v. Bulte, 443 Pa. 422, 279 A.2d 158 (1971), the appellant was accused of killing his wife. In determining whether after-discovered evidence warranted a new trial, the Court cited approvingly the trial court‘s instruction on murder in the first degree.
” ‘Thus the law requires, and the jury must find the actual intent, that is to say, the fully formed purpose to kill, with so much time for deliberation and premeditation as to convince the jury that this purpose was not the immediate offspring of rashness or impetuous temper, and that the mind had become fully conscious of its own design.’ ”
” ‘If the defendant inflicted the wound in a sudden transport of passion, excited by what the deceased then said and by the preceding events which, for the time, disturbed her reasoning faculties and deprived her of the capacity to reflect, or while under the influence of some sudden and uncontrollable emotion excited by the final culmination of her misfortune, as indicated by the train of events which have been related, the act did not constitute murder in the first degree. Deliberation and premeditation imply the capacity at the time to think and reflect, sufficient volition to make a choice, and by the use of these powers to refrain from doing a wrongful act.’ ”
People v. Caruso, 246 N.Y. 437, 445-446, 159 N.E. 390, 392 (1927). See W. LaFave & A. Scott, Handbook on Criminal Law § 73, at 563-64 & nn. 15, 16 & 17 (1972).
If evidence of intense rage may be introduced to negate the existence of an intention to take the life of another, it follows that proof of any overwhelming emotion, such as panic, should be admissible for the same purpose.
Clearly appellant‘s state of mind was a matter in issue. The only remaining question is whether the evidence offered by appellant would render “the desired inference more probable than it would be without the evidence.” McCormick, supra.
In cases where a defendant attempts to justify a killing as done in self-defense, evidence of the deceased‘s violent predilections is relevant in determining the defendant‘s mental state at the time of the killing.6 There is no reason why a defendant who is attempting to establish that as a result of terror-stricken panic he did not possess the mental state necessary for murder in the first degree should not be permitted to introduce evidence of
Analysis of the working of the mind is a difficult and complex task. Physicians and psychologists may spend months or years probing the complexities of the mind before understanding the cause or motivation of a particular act. A jury, of necessity, must reach its decision on the state of a defendant‘s mind at the time of the act on the basis of a few hours of testimony. In this difficult endeavor, it is entitled to all the evidence bearing on this matter.
Recently, Mr. Justice Nix speaking for the Court in Commonwealth v. Graves, 461 Pa. 118, 126, 334 A.2d 661, 665 (1975), said:
“It would clearly be an anomaly to suggest that although the Commonwealth must establish the existence of a mental state beyond a reasonable doubt, and that failure to sustain the burden requires an acquittal; yet preclude the defendant from producing relevant evidence to contest the issue.” (footnote omitted).
Similarly, in Commonwealth v. McCusker, 448 Pa. 382, 391, 292 A.2d 286, 290 (1972), we stated:
“Applying the established principles of relevancy to a murder prosecution where a defendant asserts that he acted in the heat of passion, it seems clear that any evidence—lay or psychiatric—pertinent to that defense should be admissible.”
Judgment of sentence reversed and a new trial is granted.
EAGEN, J., concurs in the result.
JONES, C. J., filed a dissenting opinion.
JONES, Chief Justice (dissenting).
I do not believe that the trial court erred in refusing to permit the introduction into evidence of prior gang activity in the area where the killing occurred. Yet even if that action of the trial court was error, such error, in my view, was harmless.